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      Aspectos clínicos en el espectro deneuromielitis óptica: revisión de la literatura Translated title: Clinical aspects in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: literature review

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          Abstract

          La Neuromielitis óptica (NMO) es reconocida hoy como un espectro amplio de trastornos autoinmunes del Sistema Nervioso Central (SNC), que causan lesiones desmielinizantes e inflamatorias, primariamente, en la médula espinal y nervios ópticos, pero también en otras regiones encefálicas como tronco cerebral, diencéfalo o áreas cerebrales específicas. Estos trastornos se agrupan bajo el término unificador "trastornos del espectro NMO". Por muchos años se pensó que esta entidad patológica era una variante de la Esclerosis Múltiple (EM). Sin embargo, la evidencia actual muestra que existen características de presentación clínica, fisiopatología, laboratorio, neuroimágenes, y respuesta a tratamiento, que diferencian NMOSD de esta última. La mayoría de los pacientes con NMOSD son seropositivos para un autoanticuerpo dirigido contra AQP4 (AQP4-IgG), el principal canal de agua expresado en los astrocitos. Nuevos avances en investigación han permitido reconocer que AQP4-IgG es patogénico en NMOSD, probablemente por un mecanismo de citotoxicidad celular dependiente de complemento. Debido a la severidad de los ataques en NMOSD, y al alto riesgo de generar discapacidad neurológica, el tratamiento debería ser iniciado en cuanto se confirma el diagnóstico. Los ataques agudos de neuritis óptica o mielitis son tratados con altas dosis de corticosteroides intravenosos y plasmaféresis. La terapia de mantención, para evitarfuturas recaídas, está basada en la administración de corticosteroides orales a bajas dosis y en drogas inmunosupresoras, aunque a la fecha se carece de ensayos clínicos controlados que confirmen la seguridad y eficacia de las drogas usadas actualmente.

          Translated abstract

          Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is currently recognized as a broad spectrum of autoimmune disorders of the Central Nervous System (CNS), causing demyelinating and inflammatory injuries, primarily in the spinal cord and optic nerves, but also in other regions such as brainstem, diencephalon or specific brain areas. These disorders are grouped under the unifying term "NMO spectrum disorders" (NMOSD). For many years this pathological entity was thought like a variant of the Multiple Sclerosis (MS). However, current evidence shows that there are distinctive features of clinical presentation, pathophysiology, laboratory, neuroimaging and therapy response that distinguish NMOSD from the latter. Most patients with NMOSD are seropositive for autoantibodies (AQP4-IgG) againstAQP4, the major water channel ofastrocytes. New advances in research have allowed recognize that AQP4-IgG is pathogenic in NMOSD, probably by a mechanism involving complement dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Due to the severity of attacks in NMOSD and the high risk for neurological disability, treatment should be initiated as soon as the diagnosis is confirmed. Acute attacks ofoptic neuritis or myelitis are treated with high-dose intravenous corticosteroid and plasmapheresis. Maintenance therapy to avoid further relapses is based on low-dose oral corticosteroid and non-specific immunosuppressant drugs; nevertheless, to date there are no controlled randomized trials to confirm the safety and efficacy for the drugs currently used.

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          Most cited references74

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          International consensus diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders

          Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is an inflammatory CNS syndrome distinct from multiple sclerosis (MS) that is associated with serum aquaporin-4 immunoglobulin G antibodies (AQP4-IgG). Prior NMO diagnostic criteria required optic nerve and spinal cord involvement but more restricted or more extensive CNS involvement may occur. The International Panel for NMO Diagnosis (IPND) was convened to develop revised diagnostic criteria using systematic literature reviews and electronic surveys to facilitate consensus. The new nomenclature defines the unifying term NMO spectrum disorders (NMOSD), which is stratified further by serologic testing (NMOSD with or without AQP4-IgG). The core clinical characteristics required for patients with NMOSD with AQP4-IgG include clinical syndromes or MRI findings related to optic nerve, spinal cord, area postrema, other brainstem, diencephalic, or cerebral presentations. More stringent clinical criteria, with additional neuroimaging findings, are required for diagnosis of NMOSD without AQP4-IgG or when serologic testing is unavailable. The IPND also proposed validation strategies and achieved consensus on pediatric NMOSD diagnosis and the concepts of monophasic NMOSD and opticospinal MS.
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            The spectrum of neuromyelitis optica.

            Neuromyelitis optica (also known as Devic's disease) is an idiopathic, severe, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system that preferentially affects the optic nerve and spinal cord. Neuromyelitis optica has a worldwide distribution, poor prognosis, and has long been thought of as a variant of multiple sclerosis; however, clinical, laboratory, immunological, and pathological characteristics that distinguish it from multiple sclerosis are now recognised. The presence of a highly specific serum autoantibody marker (NMO-IgG) further differentiates neuromyelitis optica from multiple sclerosis and has helped to define a neuromyelitis optica spectrum of disorders. NMO-IgG reacts with the water channel aquaporin 4. Data suggest that autoantibodies to aquaporin 4 derived from peripheral B cells cause the activation of complement, inflammatory demyelination, and necrosis that is seen in neuromyelitis optica. The knowledge gained from further assessment of the exact role of NMO-IgG in the pathogenesis of neuromyelitis optica will provide a foundation for rational therapeutic trials for this rapidly disabling disease.
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              Myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies in adults with a neuromyelitis optica phenotype.

              To report an association of myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibodies with aquaporin-4 (AQP4) antibody-seronegative neuromyelitis optica (NMO) and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) in adults. We describe the clinical and serologic features of 4 adult patients with an NMO/NMOSD phenotype who had antibodies to MOG. Twenty-seven adult AQP4-seronegative NMO/NMOSD patients were tested for MOG antibodies. Four patients (3 male, 1 female) with severe optic neuritis and/or longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis were positive. All 4 made good recoveries with steroids or plasma exchange. Two patients experienced recurrence of symptoms when corticosteroids were withdrawn quickly but none have experienced further relapses over a mean follow-up of 12 months, although 3 patients remain on treatment. Imaging abnormalities resolved fully following clinical recovery and MOG antibody titers fell in all 4 patients. MOG antibodies were not found in 44 AQP4 antibody-positive NMO/NMOSD patients, 75 adult patients with multiple sclerosis, or 47 healthy individuals. MOG antibody-associated NMO/NMOSD could account for some cases thought previously to be AQP4-seronegative NMO/NMOSD. Our 4 patients appear to have more favorable clinical outcomes than those with typical AQP4 antibody-mediated disease. However, further studies of NMO/NMOSD and other demyelinating conditions are required to help clarify the diagnostic and prognostic relevance of MOG antibodies.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rchnp
                Revista chilena de neuro-psiquiatría
                Rev. chil. neuro-psiquiatr.
                Sociedad de Neurología, Psiquiatría y Neurocirugía
                0717-9227
                September 2016
                : 54
                : 3
                : 228-238
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidad Católica del Maule Chile
                [2 ] Universidad Católica del Maule Chile
                [3 ] Hospital Regional de Talca Chile
                Article
                S0717-92272016000300007
                9ac39037-d1f5-4f16-8c01-95e8ef151217

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

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                SciELO Chile

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0717-9227&lng=en
                Categories
                NEUROSCIENCES
                PSYCHIATRY

                Neurosciences,Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Neuromielitis óptica,aquaporina 4,mielitis transversa,neuritis óptica,Neuromielytis optica,aquaporin-4,transverse myelitis,optic neuritis

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