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      Implying social interaction and its influence on gaze behavior to the eyes

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          Abstract

          Researchers have increasingly focused on how the potential for social interaction modulates basic processes of visual attention and gaze behavior. In this study, we investigated why people may experience social interaction and what factors contributed to their subjective experience. We furthermore investigated whether implying social interaction modulated gaze behavior to people’s faces, specifically the eyes. To imply the potential for interaction, participants received either one of two instructions: 1) they would be presented with a person via a ‘live’ video-feed, or 2) they would be presented with a pre-recorded video clip of a person. Prior to the presentation, a confederate walked into a separate room to suggest to participants that (s)he was being positioned behind a webcam. In fact, all participants were presented with a pre-recorded clip. During the presentation, we measured participants’ gaze behavior with an eye tracker, and after the presentation, participants were asked whether they believed that the confederate was ‘live’ or not, and, why they thought so. Participants varied greatly in their judgements about whether the confederate was ‘live’ or not. Analyses of gaze behavior revealed that a large subset of participants who received the live-instruction gazed less at the eyes of confederates compared with participants who received the pre-recorded-instruction. However, for both the live-instruction group and the pre-recorded instruction group, another subset of participants gazed predominantly at the eyes. The current findings may contribute to the development of experimental designs aimed to capture the interactive aspects of social cognition and visual attention.

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          Most cited references25

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          The Simple Difference Formula: An Approach to Teaching Nonparametric Correlation

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            Eye movements are functional during face learning

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              Sensitivity to eye gaze in autism: is it normal? Is it automatic? Is it social?

              Children with autism are developmentally delayed in following the direction of another person's gaze in social situations. A number of studies have measured reflexive orienting to eye gaze cues using Posner-style laboratory tasks in children with autism. Some studies observe normal patterns of cueing, suggesting that children with autism are alert to the significance of the eyes, whereas other studies reveal an atypical pattern of cueing. We review this contradictive evidence to consider the extent to which sensitivity to gaze is normal, and ask whether apparently normal performance may be a consequence of atypical (nonsocial) mechanisms. Our review concludes by highlighting the importance of adopting a developmental perspective if we are to understand the reasons why people with autism process eye gaze information atypically.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: SupervisionRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Project administrationRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                24 February 2020
                2020
                : 15
                : 2
                : e0229203
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Experimental psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
                [2 ] Developmental psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
                [3 ] Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
                SUNY Polytechnic Institute, UNITED STATES
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interest exist.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6443-6212
                Article
                PONE-D-19-23007
                10.1371/journal.pone.0229203
                7039466
                32092089
                9ad1b9d9-6bd1-40f4-bdca-a659bb46a904
                © 2020 Holleman et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 14 August 2019
                : 31 January 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 8, Tables: 2, Pages: 27
                Funding
                Authors RSH and GAH were supported by the Consortium on Individual Development (CID). CID is funded through the Gravitation program of the Dutch Ministry of Education, Culture, and Science and the NWO (Grant No. 024.001.003). https://www.nwo.nl/en/funding/our-funding-instruments/nwo/gravitation/gravitation.html The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Head
                Eyes
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Head
                Eyes
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Ocular System
                Eyes
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Ocular System
                Eyes
                Computer and Information Sciences
                Systems Science
                Dwell Time
                Physical Sciences
                Mathematics
                Systems Science
                Dwell Time
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Psychology
                Behavior
                Social Sciences
                Psychology
                Behavior
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Head
                Face
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Head
                Face
                Engineering and Technology
                Equipment
                Optical Equipment
                Cameras
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Head
                Face
                Nose
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Head
                Face
                Nose
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Neuroscience
                Cognitive Science
                Cognition
                Memory
                Face Recognition
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Neuroscience
                Learning and Memory
                Memory
                Face Recognition
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Neuroscience
                Cognitive Science
                Cognitive Psychology
                Perception
                Face Recognition
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Psychology
                Cognitive Psychology
                Perception
                Face Recognition
                Social Sciences
                Psychology
                Cognitive Psychology
                Perception
                Face Recognition
                Computer and Information Sciences
                Data Visualization
                Custom metadata
                We have obtained informed consent forms from the confederates to make available the stimulus videos used in this study. We have also uploaded the final data sets, the raw eye-tracking data and the coding scheme for first-person reports on the Open Science Framework at (see https://osf.io/kzgdn/).

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