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      Strategic Design and Fabrication of Biomimetic 3D Scaffolds: Unique Architectures of Extracellular Matrices for Enhanced Adipogenesis and Soft Tissue Reconstruction

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          Abstract

          The higher rate of soft tissue impairment due to lumpectomy or other trauma greatly requires the restoration of the irreversibly lost subcutaneous adipose tissues. The nanofibers fabricated by conventional electrospinning provide only a superficial porous structure due to its sheet like 2D structure and thereby hinder the cell infiltration and differentiation throughout the scaffolds. Thus we developed a novel electrospun 3D membrane using the zwitterionic poly (carboxybetaine-co-methyl methacrylate) co-polymer (CMMA) through electrostatic repulsion based electrospinning for soft tissue engineering. The inherent charges in the CMMA will aid the nanofiber to directly transform into a semiconductor and thereby transfer the immense static electricity from the grounded collector and will impart greater fluffiness to the scaffolds. The results suggest that the fabricated 3D nanofiber (CMMA 3NF) scaffolds possess nanofibers with larger inter connected pores and less dense structure compared to the conventional 2D scaffolds. The CMMA 3NF exhibits significant cues of soft tissue engineering such as enhanced biocompatibility as well as the faster regeneration of cells. Moreover the fabricated 3D scaffolds greatly assist the cells to develop into its stereoscopic topographies with an enhanced adipogenic property.

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          Capturing complex 3D tissue physiology in vitro.

          The emergence of tissue engineering raises new possibilities for the study of complex physiological and pathophysiological processes in vitro. Many tools are now available to create 3D tissue models in vitro, but the blueprints for what to make have been slower to arrive. We discuss here some of the 'design principles' for recreating the interwoven set of biochemical and mechanical cues in the cellular microenvironment, and the methods for implementing them. We emphasize applications that involve epithelial tissues for which 3D models could explain mechanisms of disease or aid in drug development.
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            Cell interactions with three-dimensional matrices.

            Signaling and other cellular functions differ in three-dimensional compared with two-dimensional systems. Cell adhesion structures can evolve in vitro towards in-vivo-like adhesions with distinct biological activities. In this review, we examine recent advances in studies of interactions of fibroblasts with collagen gels and fibronectin-containing matrices that mimic in vivo three-dimensional microenvironments. These three-dimensional systems are illuminating mechanisms of cell-matrix interactions in living organisms.
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              Electrospun antibacterial polyurethane-cellulose acetate-zein composite mats for wound dressing.

              In this study, an antibacterial electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds with diameters around 400-700 nm were prepared by physically blending polyurethane (PU) with two biopolymers such as cellulose acetate (CA) and zein. Here, PU was used as the foundation polymer, was blended with CA and zein to achieve desirable properties such as better hydrophilicity, excellent cell attachment, proliferation and blood clotting ability. To prevent common clinical infections, an antimicrobial agent, streptomycin sulfate was incorporated into the electrospun fibers and its antimicrobial ability against the gram negative and gram positive bacteria were examined. The interaction between fibroblasts and the PU-CA and PU-CA-zein-drug scaffolds such as viability, proliferation, and attachment were characterized. PU-CA-zein-drug composite nanoscaffold showed enhanced blood clotting ability in comparison with pristine PU nanofibers. The presence of CA and zein in the nanofiber membrane improved its hydrophilicity, bioactivity and created a moist environment for the wound, which can accelerate wound recovery. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                afeesh@jbnu.ac.kr
                biochan@jbnu.ac.kr
                chskim@jbnu.ac.kr
                Journal
                Sci Rep
                Sci Rep
                Scientific Reports
                Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                2045-2322
                9 April 2018
                9 April 2018
                2018
                : 8
                : 5696
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0470 4320, GRID grid.411545.0, Division of Mechanical Design Engineering, , Chonbuk National University, ; Jeonju, Republic of Korea
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0470 4320, GRID grid.411545.0, Department of Bionanosystem Engineering Graduate School, , Chonbuk National University, ; Jeonju, Republic of Korea
                [3 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0470 4320, GRID grid.411545.0, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, , Chonbuk National University, ; Jeonju, Republic of Korea
                [4 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2157 2938, GRID grid.17063.33, Advanced Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery lab, , University of Toronto, ; Toronto, Canada
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0795-1613
                Article
                23966
                10.1038/s41598-018-23966-3
                5890269
                29632328
                9afaa6e8-8eb7-419b-8e7d-0cffe2033659
                © The Author(s) 2018

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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                : 14 November 2017
                : 23 March 2018
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