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      HISTÓRICO DOS INCÊNDIOS FLORESTAIS NO PARQUE NACIONAL DO ITATIAIA Translated title: PAST AND PRESENT FOREST FIRES IN ITATIAIA NATIONAL PARK

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          Abstract

          RESUMO Este trabalho objetivou a análise do histórico (1937-2008) de ocorrência de incêndios florestais do Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (PNI), primeiro parque do Brasil. Para isso, foi realizado um levantamento de informações no PNI, sobre o número total de incêndios, a extensão das áreas queimadas, os meses de maior incidência, a relação do fogo ao período de seca, a fauna e flora atingidas, os agentes causadores, as principais causas e as perícias dos incêndios. Foram identificados 323 incêndios (1937-2008). Apenas nos últimos sete anos foram queimados 5.724 ha, dentro e no entorno do Parque. As queimadas ocorreram sobretudo no inverno (90%), período de seca, durante os meses de julho a outubro. As fitofisionomias com as maiores extensões atingidas foram os campos de altitude, ecossistema nativo da Mata Atlântica e restrito às montanhas do sudeste. De maneira geral, poucas informações foram identificadas em relação à fauna afetada, as causas e os agentes causadores dos incêndios, sendo que, por apenas duas vezes, foram realizadas perícias. Os dados revelaram a fragilidade do PNI diante dos incêndios florestais e a importância de serem implementadas ações de prevenção e combate, que garantam efetivamente a proteção integral dessa Unidade de Conservação.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT This study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the fire reports occurring in the Itatiaia National Park (INP) between 1937 and 2008 and aiming to show information about the total number of fires occurred, and the annual burnt areas, in relation with climate and biodiversity, the months of highest occurrence, the origins and causes of fires. A survey of 323 reports of forest fires showed the highest incidence of forest fires in the months of winter, during the dry season, between July and October. The most affected vegetation was that of the “campos de altitude” (high-altitude grasslands), a native ecosystem of Atlantic Rainforest restricted to the isolated southeastern high peaks and plateaus. Most of the fires had unknown origins and causes, and only twice were examinations by experts carried out. Data revealed INP fragility against forest fires and the importance and the need of Forest Fire Privation and Control Plans for effective biodiversity protection.

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          Effects of fire on landscape heterogeneity in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming

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            A flora do Parque Nacional do Itatiaia

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              Species composition and biogeographic relations of the rock outcrop flora on the high plateau of Itatiaia, SE-Brazil

              We studied the flora of vegetation islands on rock outcrops on the Itatiaia Plateau (22°21'S and 44°40'W), at 2,400 m.a.s.l. A total of 114 vascular plant species, which correspond to ca. 20%-25% of the currently inventoried flora of the plateau, were sampled in 197 small vegetation islands (total area of 0.034 ha). Xerophytes and hydrophytes were often found side by side due to environmental heterogeneity at a small scale, explaining in part the high species diversity. Rock outcrops may support floras quite distinct from those in neighbouring habitats, due to the action of strong environmental filters, but in Itatiaia the geographic distribution patterns among rupicolous plants appear to mimic those described for the whole flora around it, with 15.1% of narrow endemic species and six strictly rupicolous plants. Underlining the "temperate" nature of the high elevation climate in Itatiaia, the sampled flora was dominated by species of the families Asteraceae and Poaceae, and the number of CAM (crassulacean acid metabolism) species was very low. A few endemic species of tropical origin - Pleurostima gounelleana (Beauv.) Men. (Velloziaceae) and Fernseea itatiaiae (Wawra) Baker (Bromeliaceae) - play a crucial role in this vegetation, as pioneer mat-formers facilitating later establishment of numerous other species. Hemicryptophytes prevail in the sampled flora, while therophytes are exceptionally rare and mainly consist of opportunistic species associated with disturbances. Numerous microhabitats and strong environmental gradients in these high elevation rock outcrops afford opportunities for establishment of a highly diversified flora. These island-like environments may represent an important refuge for grassland species from fire and other disturbances in the surrounding grasslands.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                cflo
                Ciência Florestal
                Ciênc. Florest.
                Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (Santa Maria, RS, Brazil )
                0103-9954
                1980-5098
                March 2011
                : 21
                : 1
                : 83-92
                Affiliations
                [2] Niterói Rio de Janeiro orgnameUniversidade Federal Fluminense Brazil rodrigorodriguesgeo@ 123456gmail.com
                [1] Seropédica Rio de Janeiro orgnameUniversidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro Brazil izar.aximoff@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                S1980-50982011000100083
                10.5902/198050982750
                9b0480a3-36ea-42b6-828e-c5cf5fe7ff1e

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

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                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 44, Pages: 10
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                SciELO Brazil


                wildfires,Conservation Units,high-altitude grasslands,incêndios florestais,Unidades de Conservação,campos de altitude

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