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      Interferons: Reprogramming the Metabolic Network against Viral Infection

      review-article
      1 , 2 , 1 , 2 , 3 , *
      Viruses
      MDPI
      viruses, metabolism, interferons, ISGs, 25HC, IDO1, SAT1, SAMHD1

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          Abstract

          Viruses exploit the host and induce drastic metabolic changes to ensure an optimal environment for replication and the production of viral progenies. In response, the host has developed diverse countermeasures to sense and limit these alterations to combat viral infection. One such host mechanism is through interferon signaling. Interferons are cytokines that enhances the transcription of hundreds of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) whose products are key players in the innate immune response to viral infection. In addition to their direct targeting of viral components, interferons and ISGs exert profound effects on cellular metabolism. Recent studies have started to illuminate on the specific role of interferon in rewiring cellular metabolism to activate immune cells and limit viral infection. This review reflects on our current understanding of the complex networking that occurs between the virus and host at the interface of cellular metabolism, with a focus on the ISGs in particular, cholesterol-25-hydroxylase (CH25H), spermidine/spermine acetyltransferase 1 (SAT1), indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1) and sterile alpha motif and histidine/aspartic acid domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1), which were recently discovered to modulate specific metabolic events and consequently deter viral infection.

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              INTERFEROME v2.0: an updated database of annotated interferon-regulated genes

              Interferome v2.0 (http://interferome.its.monash.edu.au/interferome/) is an update of an earlier version of the Interferome DB published in the 2009 NAR database edition. Vastly improved computational infrastructure now enables more complex and faster queries, and supports more data sets from types I, II and III interferon (IFN)-treated cells, mice or humans. Quantitative, MIAME compliant data are collected, subjected to thorough, standardized, quantitative and statistical analyses and then significant changes in gene expression are uploaded. Comprehensive manual collection of metadata in v2.0 allows flexible, detailed search capacity including the parameters: range of -fold change, IFN type, concentration and time, and cell/tissue type. There is no limit to the number of genes that can be used to search the database in a single query. Secondary analysis such as gene ontology, regulatory factors, chromosomal location or tissue expression plots of IFN-regulated genes (IRGs) can be performed in Interferome v2.0, or data can be downloaded in convenient text formats compatible with common secondary analysis programs. Given the importance of IFN to innate immune responses in infectious, inflammatory diseases and cancer, this upgrade of the Interferome to version 2.0 will facilitate the identification of gene signatures of importance in the pathogenesis of these diseases.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Viruses
                Viruses
                viruses
                Viruses
                MDPI
                1999-4915
                13 January 2018
                January 2018
                : 10
                : 1
                : 36
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada; kavita.raniga@ 123456mail.mcgill.ca
                [2 ]Department of Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
                [3 ]Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: chen.liang@ 123456mcgill.ca ; Tel.: +1-514-340-8260
                Article
                viruses-10-00036
                10.3390/v10010036
                5795449
                29342871
                9b158e98-2a22-4fad-9412-d289397acd75
                © 2018 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 01 December 2017
                : 12 January 2018
                Categories
                Review

                Microbiology & Virology
                viruses,metabolism,interferons,isgs,25hc,ido1,sat1,samhd1
                Microbiology & Virology
                viruses, metabolism, interferons, isgs, 25hc, ido1, sat1, samhd1

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