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      South African hypertension practice guideline 2014

      research-article
      , MD, PhD, FRCP (London), FCP (SA) , MB ChB, FCP (SA), MMed (UCT), PhD (UCT) , MB BCh (Wits), FCP (SA), FRCP (London), Hon PhD (Wits)
      Cardiovascular Journal of Africa
      Clinics Cardive Publishing
      South Africa, hypertension, guideline

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          Summary

          Outcomes

          Extensive data from many randomised, controlled trials have shown the benefit of treating hypertension (HTN). The target blood pressure (BP) for antihypertensive management is systolic < 140 mmHg and diastolic < 90 mmHg, with minimal or no drug side effects. Lower targets are no longer recommended. The reduction of BP in the elderly should be achieved gradually over one month. Co-existent cardiovascular (CV) risk factors should also be controlled.

          Benefits

          Reduction in risk of stroke, cardiac failure, chronic kidney disease and coronary artery disease.

          Recommendations

          Correct BP measurement procedure is described. Evaluation of cardiovascular risk factors and recommendations for antihypertensive therapy are stipulated. Lifestyle modification and patient education are cornerstones of management. The major indications, precautions and contra-indications are listed for each antihypertensive drug recommended. Drug therapy for the patient with uncomplicated HTN is either mono- or combination therapy with a low-dose diuretic, calcium channel blocker (CCB) and an ACE inhibitor (ACEI) or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB). Combination therapy should be considered ab initio if the BP is ≥ 160/100 mmHg. In black patients, either a diuretic and/or a CCB is recommended initially because the response rate is better compared to an ACEI. In resistant hypertension, add an alpha-blocker, spironolactone, vasodilator or β-blocker.

          Validity

          The guideline was developed by the Southern African Hypertension Society 2014©.

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          Most cited references34

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          Practice guidelines of the European Society of Hypertension for clinic, ambulatory and self blood pressure measurement.

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            Hypertension in sub-Saharan African populations.

            Hypertension in sub-Saharan Africa is a widespread problem of immense economic importance because of its high prevalence in urban areas, its frequent underdiagnosis, and the severity of its complications. We searched PubMed and relevant journals for words in the title of this article. Among the major problems in making headway toward better detection and treatment are the limited resources of many African countries. Relatively recent environmental changes seem to be adverse. Mass migration from rural to periurban and urban areas probably accounts, at least in part, for the high incidence of hypertension in urban black Africans. In the remaining semirural areas, inroads in lifestyle changes associated with "civilization" may explain the apparently rising prevalence of hypertension. Overall, significant segments of the African population are still afflicted by severe poverty, famine, and civil strife, making the overall prevalence of hypertension difficult to determine. Black South Africans have a stroke rate twice as high as that of whites. Two lifestyle changes that are feasible and should help to stem the epidemic of hypertension in Africa are a decreased salt intake and decreased obesity, especially in women. Overall, differences from whites in etiology and therapeutic responses in sub-Saharan African populations are graded and overlapping rather than absolute. Further studies are needed on black Africans, who may (or may not) be genetically and environmentally different from black Americans and from each other in different parts of this vast continent.
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              Management of high blood pressure in Blacks: an update of the International Society on Hypertension in Blacks consensus statement.

              Since the first International Society on Hypertension in Blacks consensus statement on the "Management of High Blood Pressure in African American" in 2003, data from additional clinical trials have become available. We reviewed hypertension and cardiovascular disease prevention and treatment guidelines, pharmacological hypertension clinical end point trials, and blood pressure-lowering trials in blacks. Selected trials without significant black representation were considered. In this update, blacks with hypertension are divided into 2 risk strata, primary prevention, where elevated blood pressure without target organ damage, preclinical cardiovascular disease, or overt cardiovascular disease for whom blood pressure consistently 15/10 mm Hg above target, 2-drug therapy is recommended, with either a calcium channel blocker plus a renin-angiotensin system blocker or, alternatively, in edematous and/or volume-overload states, with a thiazide diuretic plus a renin-angiotensin system blocker. Effective multidrug therapeutic combinations through 4 drugs are described. Comprehensive lifestyle modifications should be initiated in blacks when blood pressure is ≥115/75 mm Hg. The updated International Society on Hypertension in Blacks consensus statement on hypertension management in blacks lowers the minimum target blood pressure level for the lowest-risk blacks, emphasizes effective multidrug regimens, and de-emphasizes monotherapy.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Cardiovasc J Afr
                Cardiovasc J Afr
                TBC
                Cardiovascular Journal of Africa
                Clinics Cardive Publishing
                1995-1892
                1680-0745
                Nov-Dec 2014
                : 25
                : 6
                : 288-294
                Affiliations
                Department of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
                Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
                Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
                Article
                10.5830/CVJA-2014-062
                4327181
                25629715
                9b251cd0-1a17-498b-b141-1cb03bfc207b
                Copyright © 2010 Clinics Cardive Publishing

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 5 August 2014
                : 10 October 2014
                Categories
                Review Article

                south africa,hypertension,guideline
                south africa, hypertension, guideline

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