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      Explicit and Implicit Responses of Seeing Own vs. Others’ Emotions: An Electromyographic Study on the Neurophysiological and Cognitive Basis of the Self-Mirroring Technique

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          Abstract

          Facial mimicry is described by embodied cognition theories as a human mirror system-based neural mechanism underpinning emotion recognition. This could play a critical role in the Self-Mirroring Technique (SMT), a method used in psychotherapy to foster patients’ emotion recognition by showing them a video of their own face recorded during an emotionally salient moment. However, dissociation in facial mimicry during the perception of own and others’ emotions has not been investigated so far. In the present study, we measured electromyographic (EMG) activity from three facial muscles, namely, the zygomaticus major (ZM), the corrugator supercilii (CS), and the levator labii superioris (LLS) while participants were presented with video clips depicting their own face or other unknown faces expressing anger, happiness, sadness, disgust, fear, or a neutral emotion. The results showed that processing self vs. other expressions differently modulated emotion perception at the explicit and implicit muscular levels. Participants were significantly less accurate in recognizing their own vs. others’ neutral expressions and rated fearful, disgusted, and neutral expressions as more arousing in the self condition than in the other condition. Even facial EMG evidenced different activations for self vs. other facial expressions. Increased activation of the ZM muscle was found in the self condition compared to the other condition for anger and disgust. Activation of the CS muscle was lower for self than for others’ expressions during processing a happy, sad, fearful, or neutral emotion. Finally, the LLS muscle showed increased activation in the self condition compared to the other condition for sad and fearful expressions but increased activation in the other condition compared to the self condition for happy and neutral expressions. Taken together, our complex pattern of results suggests a dissociation at both the explicit and implicit levels in emotional processing of self vs. other emotions that, in the light of the Emotion in Context view, suggests that STM effectiveness is primarily due to a contextual–interpretative process that occurs before that facial mimicry takes place.

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          Mixed-effects modeling with crossed random effects for subjects and items

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            Data Analysis Using Regression and Multilevel/Hierarchical Models

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              The NimStim set of facial expressions: judgments from untrained research participants.

              A set of face stimuli called the NimStim Set of Facial Expressions is described. The goal in creating this set was to provide facial expressions that untrained individuals, characteristic of research participants, would recognize. This set is large in number, multiracial, and available to the scientific community online. The results of psychometric evaluations of these stimuli are presented. The results lend empirical support for the validity and reliability of this set of facial expressions as determined by accurate identification of expressions and high intra-participant agreement across two testing sessions, respectively.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Psychol
                Front Psychol
                Front. Psychol.
                Frontiers in Psychology
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1664-1078
                31 March 2020
                2020
                : 11
                : 433
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca , Milan, Italy
                [2] 2NETS, Scuola Universitaria Superiore IUSS , Pavia, Italy
                [3] 3Clinical Psychology Service of Mediterranean Institute for Transplantation and Advanced Specialized Therapies (IRCSS IsMeTT) , Palermo, Italy
                [4] 4Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti–Pescara , Chieti, Italy
                [5] 5“GNOSIS” Research and Psychotherapy Group , Mondovì, Italy
                [6] 6Studi Cognitivi, Cognitive Psychotherapy School and Research Center , Milan, Italy
                [7] 7Psicologia Scientifica – Centro di Ricerca e Promozione Sociale , Milan, Italy
                [8] 8Pôle de Psychiatrie et Psychothérapie du Centre Hospitalier du Valais Romand , Monthey, Switzerland
                Author notes

                Edited by: Antonino Vallesi, University of Padova, Italy

                Reviewed by: Michel Thiebaut De Schotten, Brain Connectivity and Behaviour Group (BCBG), France; Paola Sessa, University of Padova, Italy

                *Correspondence: Leonor J. Romero Lauro, leonor.romero1@ 123456unimib.it

                These authors have contributed equally to this work

                This article was submitted to Consciousness Research, a section of the journal Frontiers in Psychology

                Article
                10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00433
                7136519
                32296363
                9ba79093-7e30-48b9-807c-76f799bb653e
                Copyright © 2020 Vergallito, Mattavelli, Lo Gerfo, Anzani, Rovagnati, Speciale, Vinai, Vinai, Vinai and Romero Lauro.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 11 October 2019
                : 25 February 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 7, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 99, Pages: 14, Words: 0
                Categories
                Psychology
                Original Research

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                facial mimicry,self-mirroring technique,facial expression,emg,emotion recognition

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