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      COVID-19 vaccines: The status and perspectives in delivery points of view

      review-article
      Author(s): a , a , a , b , c , d , *
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews
      Publisher: Elsevier B.V.
      Keywords: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), Immune response, Neutralizing antibodies, Vaccine delivery, APC, Antigen presenting cell, DC, dendritic cell DC, AD, adenovirus, AD, AAV, adeno-associated virus, LNPs, lipid nanoparticles, COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019, ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome, SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SARS, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, MERS, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO, World Health Organization, FDA, U.S Food and Drug Administration, EUA, Emergency Use Authorization, ACE2, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, TMPRSS2, transmembrane protease serine, S protein, spike protein, N protein, nucleocapsid protein, E protein, Envelope protein, M protein, membrane protein, RBD, receptor binding domain, NTD, N-terminal binding domain, PPRs, pattern recognition receptors, NK cell, natural killer cell, RSV, respiratory syncytial virus, MSCs, mesenchymal stem cells, CTLs, cytotoxic T lymphocytes, ADE, antibody-dependent enhancement, Type 1 IFNs, Type 1 interferons, Toll-like receptor, TLR

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          Abstract

          Due to the high prevalence and long incubation periods often without symptoms, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected millions of individuals globally, causing the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Even with the recent approval of the anti-viral drug, remdesivir, and Emergency Use Authorization of monoclonal antibodies against S protein, bamlanivimab and casirimab/imdevimab, efficient and safe COVID-19 vaccines are still desperately demanded not only to prevent its spread but also to restore social and economic activities via generating mass immunization. Recent Emergency Use Authorization of Pfizer and BioNTech’s mRNA vaccine may provide a pathway forward, but monitoring of long-term immunity is still required, and diverse candidates are still under development. As the knowledge of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and interactions with the immune system continues to evolve, a variety of drug candidates are under investigation and in clinical trials. Potential vaccines and therapeutics against COVID-19 include repurposed drugs, monoclonal antibodies, antiviral and antigenic proteins, peptides, and genetically engineered viruses. This paper reviews virology and immunology of SARS-CoV-2, alternative therapies for COVID-19 to vaccination, principles and design considerations in COVID-19 vaccine development, and the promises and roles of vaccine carriers in addressing the unique immunopathological challenges presented by the disease.

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          Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China

          Chaolin Huang, Yeming Wang, Xingwang Li … (2020)
          Summary Background A recent cluster of pneumonia cases in Wuhan, China, was caused by a novel betacoronavirus, the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). We report the epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, and radiological characteristics and treatment and clinical outcomes of these patients. Methods All patients with suspected 2019-nCoV were admitted to a designated hospital in Wuhan. We prospectively collected and analysed data on patients with laboratory-confirmed 2019-nCoV infection by real-time RT-PCR and next-generation sequencing. Data were obtained with standardised data collection forms shared by WHO and the International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection Consortium from electronic medical records. Researchers also directly communicated with patients or their families to ascertain epidemiological and symptom data. Outcomes were also compared between patients who had been admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) and those who had not. Findings By Jan 2, 2020, 41 admitted hospital patients had been identified as having laboratory-confirmed 2019-nCoV infection. Most of the infected patients were men (30 [73%] of 41); less than half had underlying diseases (13 [32%]), including diabetes (eight [20%]), hypertension (six [15%]), and cardiovascular disease (six [15%]). Median age was 49·0 years (IQR 41·0–58·0). 27 (66%) of 41 patients had been exposed to Huanan seafood market. One family cluster was found. Common symptoms at onset of illness were fever (40 [98%] of 41 patients), cough (31 [76%]), and myalgia or fatigue (18 [44%]); less common symptoms were sputum production (11 [28%] of 39), headache (three [8%] of 38), haemoptysis (two [5%] of 39), and diarrhoea (one [3%] of 38). Dyspnoea developed in 22 (55%) of 40 patients (median time from illness onset to dyspnoea 8·0 days [IQR 5·0–13·0]). 26 (63%) of 41 patients had lymphopenia. All 41 patients had pneumonia with abnormal findings on chest CT. Complications included acute respiratory distress syndrome (12 [29%]), RNAaemia (six [15%]), acute cardiac injury (five [12%]) and secondary infection (four [10%]). 13 (32%) patients were admitted to an ICU and six (15%) died. Compared with non-ICU patients, ICU patients had higher plasma levels of IL2, IL7, IL10, GSCF, IP10, MCP1, MIP1A, and TNFα. Interpretation The 2019-nCoV infection caused clusters of severe respiratory illness similar to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and was associated with ICU admission and high mortality. Major gaps in our knowledge of the origin, epidemiology, duration of human transmission, and clinical spectrum of disease need fulfilment by future studies. Funding Ministry of Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Natural Science Foundation of China, and Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission.
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            Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China

            Dawei Wang, Bo Hu, Fangfang Zhu … (2020)
            In December 2019, novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)-infected pneumonia (NCIP) occurred in Wuhan, China. The number of cases has increased rapidly but information on the clinical characteristics of affected patients is limited.
            Article 0 comments Cited 10786 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Is Open Access

              A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin

              Peng Zhou, Xing-Lou Yang, Xian-Guang Wang … (2020)
              Since the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) 18 years ago, a large number of SARS-related coronaviruses (SARSr-CoVs) have been discovered in their natural reservoir host, bats 1–4 . Previous studies have shown that some bat SARSr-CoVs have the potential to infect humans 5–7 . Here we report the identification and characterization of a new coronavirus (2019-nCoV), which caused an epidemic of acute respiratory syndrome in humans in Wuhan, China. The epidemic, which started on 12 December 2019, had caused 2,794 laboratory-confirmed infections including 80 deaths by 26 January 2020. Full-length genome sequences were obtained from five patients at an early stage of the outbreak. The sequences are almost identical and share 79.6% sequence identity to SARS-CoV. Furthermore, we show that 2019-nCoV is 96% identical at the whole-genome level to a bat coronavirus. Pairwise protein sequence analysis of seven conserved non-structural proteins domains show that this virus belongs to the species of SARSr-CoV. In addition, 2019-nCoV virus isolated from the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of a critically ill patient could be neutralized by sera from several patients. Notably, we confirmed that 2019-nCoV uses the same cell entry receptor—angiotensin converting enzyme II (ACE2)—as SARS-CoV.
              Article 0 comments Cited 10106 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Adv Drug Deliv Rev
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Adv Drug Deliv Rev
                Title: Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews
                Publisher: Elsevier B.V.
                ISSN (Print): 0169-409X
                ISSN (Electronic): 1872-8294
                Publication date PMC-release: 24 December 2020
                Publication date (Electronic): 24 December 2020
                Affiliations
                [a ]Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States of America
                [b ]Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States of America
                [c ]Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States of America
                [d ]Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States of America
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author at: 132 Sprague Hall, Irvine, CA 92697, United States of America.
                Article
                Publisher Item ID: S0169-409X(20)30282-9
                DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.12.011
                PMC ID: 7759095
                PubMed ID: 33359141
                SO-VID: 9bc38100-7fdc-4807-8f92-745635e272fc
                Copyright © © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
                License:

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

                History
                Date received : 16 October 2020
                Date revision received : 15 December 2020
                Date accepted : 17 December 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19),severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2),immune response,neutralizing antibodies,vaccine delivery,apc, antigen presenting cell,dc, dendritic cell dc,ad, adenovirus,ad, aav, adeno-associated virus,lnps, lipid nanoparticles,covid-19, coronavirus disease 2019,ards, acute respiratory distress syndrome,sars-cov-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2,sars, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus,mers, middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus,cdc, centers for disease control and prevention,who, world health organization,fda, u.s food and drug administration,eua, emergency use authorization,ace2, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2,tmprss2, transmembrane protease serine,s protein, spike protein,n protein, nucleocapsid protein,e protein, envelope protein,m protein, membrane protein,rbd, receptor binding domain,ntd, n-terminal binding domain,pprs, pattern recognition receptors,nk cell, natural killer cell,rsv, respiratory syncytial virus,mscs, mesenchymal stem cells,ctls, cytotoxic t lymphocytes,ade, antibody-dependent enhancement,type 1 ifns, type 1 interferons,toll-like receptor, tlr
                Data availability:
                Keywords: coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), immune response, neutralizing antibodies, vaccine delivery, apc, antigen presenting cell, dc, dendritic cell dc, ad, adenovirus, ad, aav, adeno-associated virus, lnps, lipid nanoparticles, covid-19, coronavirus disease 2019, ards, acute respiratory distress syndrome, sars-cov-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, sars, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, mers, middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus, cdc, centers for disease control and prevention, who, world health organization, fda, u.s food and drug administration, eua, emergency use authorization, ace2, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, tmprss2, transmembrane protease serine, s protein, spike protein, n protein, nucleocapsid protein, e protein, envelope protein, m protein, membrane protein, rbd, receptor binding domain, ntd, n-terminal binding domain, pprs, pattern recognition receptors, nk cell, natural killer cell, rsv, respiratory syncytial virus, mscs, mesenchymal stem cells, ctls, cytotoxic t lymphocytes, ade, antibody-dependent enhancement, type 1 ifns, type 1 interferons, toll-like receptor, tlr

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