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      Molecular Identification of Diaspididae and Elucidation of Non-Native Species Using the Genes 28s and 16s

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          Abstract

          Armored scale insects pose a serious threat to habitat conservation across the globe because they include some of the most potent invasive species in the world. They are such a serious concern because their basic morphology, small size, and polyphagous feeding habits often allow them to exist undetected by growers and quarantine experts. In order to provide a potential solution to the problem, we have attempted to elucidate the effectiveness of molecular identification techniques using ribosomal 28s and endosymbiotic 16s rRNA. Sequence data was obtained from many field-collected insects to test the feasibility of identification techniques. A protocol for quick species determination based on sequence data is provided.

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          GenBank: update.

          David Lipman, David Wheeler, Dennis A Benson … (2004)
          GenBank is a comprehensive database that contains publicly available DNA sequences for more than 140 000 named organisms, obtained primarily through submissions from individual laboratories and batch submissions from large-scale sequencing projects. Most submissions are made using the BankIt (web) or Sequin program and accession numbers are assigned by GenBank staff upon receipt. Daily data exchange with the EMBL Data Library in the UK and the DNA Data Bank of Japan helps ensure worldwide coverage. GenBank is accessible through NCBI's retrieval system, Entrez, which integrates data from the major DNA and protein sequence databases along with taxonomy, genome mapping, protein structure and domain information, and the biomedical journal literature via PubMed. BLAST provides sequence similarity searches of GenBank and other sequence databases. Complete bimonthly releases and daily updates of the GenBank database are available by FTP. To access GenBank and its related retrieval and analysis services, go to the NCBI home page at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
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            The evolution of alternative genetic systems in insects.

            Benjamin B. Normark (2002)
            There are three major classes of insect genetic systems: those with diploid males (diplodiploidy), those with effectively haploid males (haplodiploidy), and those without males (thelytoky). Mixed systems, involving cyclic or facultative switching between thelytoky and either of the other systems, also occur. I present a classification of the genetic systems of insects and estimate the number of evolutionary transitions between them that have occurred. Obligate thelytoky has arisen from each of the other systems, and there is evidence that over 900 such origins have occurred. The number of origins of facultative thelytoky and the number of reversions from obligate thelytoky to facultative and cyclic thelytoky are difficult to estimate. The other transitions are few in number: five origins of cyclic thelytoky, eight origins of obligate haplodiploidy (including paternal genome elimination), the strange case of Micromalthus, and the two reversions from haplodiploidy to diplodiploidy in scale insects. Available evidence tends to support W.D. Hamilton's hypothesis that maternally transmitted endosymbionts have been involved in the origins of haplodiploidy. Bizarre systems of extrazygotic inheritance in Sternorrhyncha are not easily accommodated into any existing classification of genetic systems.
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              Large population size predicts the distribution of asexuality in scale insects.

              Laura Ross, Rachel Hardy, Benjamin B. Normark … (2012)
              Understanding why some organisms reproduce by sexual reproduction while others can reproduce asexually remains an important unsolved problem in evolutionary biology. Simple demography suggests that asexuals should outcompete sexually reproducing organisms, because of their higher intrinsic rate of increase. However, the majority of multicellular organisms have sexual reproduction. The widely accepted explanation for this apparent contradiction is that asexual lineages have a higher extinction rate. A number of models have indicated that population size might play a crucial role in the evolution of asexuality. The strength of processes that lead to extinction of asexual species is reduced when population sizes get very large, so that the long-term advantage of sexual over asexual reproduction may become negligible. Here, we use a comparative approach using scale insects (Coccoidea, Hemiptera) to show that asexuality is indeed more common in species with larger population density and geographic distribution and we also show that asexual species tend to be more polyphagous. We discuss the implication of our findings for previously observed patterns of asexuality in agricultural pests. © 2012 The Author(s). Evolution© 2012 The Society for the Study of Evolution.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Insects
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Insects
                Journal ID (publisher-id): insects
                Title: Insects
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 2075-4450
                Publication date (Electronic): 03 July 2014
                Publication date Collection: September 2014
                Volume: 5
                Issue: 3
                Pages: 528-538
                Affiliations
                Penn State Erie, The Behrend College, 4701 College Dr, Erie, PA 16563, USA; E-Mails: ajl5131@ 123456psu.edu (A.J.L.); caleb.hudspath@ 123456rvu.edu (H.C.)
                Author notes
                [* ]Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: amc463@ 123456psu.edu (A.M.C.); meg26@ 123456psu.edu (M.E.G.); Tel.: +1-814-898-6276 (M.E.G.); Fax: +1-814-898-6213 (M.E.G.).
                Article
                Publisher ID: insects-05-00528
                DOI: 10.3390/insects5030528
                PMC ID: 4592586
                PubMed ID: 26462823
                SO-VID: 9be8ddfc-41a5-4a21-8cea-40975350ffe6
                Copyright © © 2014 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
                License:

                This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

                History
                Date received : 24 May 2014
                Date revision received : 20 June 2014
                Date accepted : 20 June 2014
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: diaspididae,armored scale insects,phylogenetics,molecular barcoding,invasive species,cryptic species
                Data availability:
                Keywords: diaspididae, armored scale insects, phylogenetics, molecular barcoding, invasive species, cryptic species

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