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      Cerebral White Matter Myelination and Relations to Age, Gender, and Cognition: A Selective Review

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          Abstract

          White matter makes up about fifty percent of the human brain. Maturation of white matter accompanies biological development and undergoes the most dramatic changes during childhood and adolescence. Despite the advances in neuroimaging techniques, controversy concerning spatial, and temporal patterns of myelination, as well as the degree to which the microstructural characteristics of white matter can vary in a healthy brain as a function of age, gender and cognitive abilities still exists. In a selective review we describe methods of assessing myelination and evaluate effects of age and gender in nine major fiber tracts, highlighting their role in higher-order cognitive functions. Our findings suggests that myelination indices vary by age, fiber tract, and hemisphere. Effects of gender were also identified, although some attribute differences to methodological factors or social and learning opportunities. Findings point to further directions of research that will improve our understanding of the complex myelination-behavior relation across development that may have implications for educational and clinical practice.

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          Most cited references301

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          The minimal preprocessing pipelines for the Human Connectome Project.

          The Human Connectome Project (HCP) faces the challenging task of bringing multiple magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) modalities together in a common automated preprocessing framework across a large cohort of subjects. The MRI data acquired by the HCP differ in many ways from data acquired on conventional 3 Tesla scanners and often require newly developed preprocessing methods. We describe the minimal preprocessing pipelines for structural, functional, and diffusion MRI that were developed by the HCP to accomplish many low level tasks, including spatial artifact/distortion removal, surface generation, cross-modal registration, and alignment to standard space. These pipelines are specially designed to capitalize on the high quality data offered by the HCP. The final standard space makes use of a recently introduced CIFTI file format and the associated grayordinate spatial coordinate system. This allows for combined cortical surface and subcortical volume analyses while reducing the storage and processing requirements for high spatial and temporal resolution data. Here, we provide the minimum image acquisition requirements for the HCP minimal preprocessing pipelines and additional advice for investigators interested in replicating the HCP's acquisition protocols or using these pipelines. Finally, we discuss some potential future improvements to the pipelines. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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            Spin Diffusion Measurements: Spin Echoes in the Presence of a Time-Dependent Field Gradient

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              NODDI: practical in vivo neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging of the human brain.

              This paper introduces neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI), a practical diffusion MRI technique for estimating the microstructural complexity of dendrites and axons in vivo on clinical MRI scanners. Such indices of neurites relate more directly to and provide more specific markers of brain tissue microstructure than standard indices from diffusion tensor imaging, such as fractional anisotropy (FA). Mapping these indices over the whole brain on clinical scanners presents new opportunities for understanding brain development and disorders. The proposed technique enables such mapping by combining a three-compartment tissue model with a two-shell high-angular-resolution diffusion imaging (HARDI) protocol optimized for clinical feasibility. An index of orientation dispersion is defined to characterize angular variation of neurites. We evaluate the method both in simulation and on a live human brain using a clinical 3T scanner. Results demonstrate that NODDI provides sensible neurite density and orientation dispersion estimates, thereby disentangling two key contributing factors to FA and enabling the analysis of each factor individually. We additionally show that while orientation dispersion can be estimated with just a single HARDI shell, neurite density requires at least two shells and can be estimated more accurately with the optimized two-shell protocol than with alternative two-shell protocols. The optimized protocol takes about 30 min to acquire, making it feasible for inclusion in a typical clinical setting. We further show that sampling fewer orientations in each shell can reduce the acquisition time to just 10 min with minimal impact on the accuracy of the estimates. This demonstrates the feasibility of NODDI even for the most time-sensitive clinical applications, such as neonatal and dementia imaging. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Hum Neurosci
                Front Hum Neurosci
                Front. Hum. Neurosci.
                Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1662-5161
                06 July 2021
                2021
                : 15
                : 662031
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Neuropsy Lab, HSE University , Moscow, Russia
                [2] 2Center for Language and Brain, HSE University , Moscow, Russia
                [3] 3Cognitive Centre, Sirius University of Science and Technology , Sochi, Russia
                [4] 4Department of Psychology, York University , Toronto, ON, Canada
                Author notes

                Edited by: Torsten Wüstenberg, Heidelberg University, Germany

                Reviewed by: Michela Ferrucci, University of Pisa, Italy; Robert Turner, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Germany

                *Correspondence: Marie Arsalidou, marie.arsalidou@ 123456gmail.com

                This article was submitted to Cognitive Neuroscience, a section of the journal Frontiers in Human Neuroscience

                Article
                10.3389/fnhum.2021.662031
                8290169
                34295229
                9c0c8fbc-02ea-41f2-ad87-bcd586ce141c
                Copyright © 2021 Buyanova and Arsalidou.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 31 January 2021
                : 02 June 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 0, Equations: 1, References: 301, Pages: 22, Words: 0
                Funding
                Funded by: Russian Science Foundation 10.13039/501100006769
                Funded by: Russian Foundation for Basic Research 10.13039/501100002261
                Categories
                Neuroscience
                Review

                Neurosciences
                white matter,myelination,fiber tracts,brain development,cognitive abilities,magnetic resonance imaging,diffusion tensor imaging

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