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      Protecting the environment through insect farming as a means to produce protein for use as livestock, poultry, and aquaculture feed

      opinion
      1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 1 , 1 , 10 , 11 , 12 ,   2 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 1 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 18 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 ,   32 , 33 , 34 , 1 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 40 , 40
      Journal of Insects as Food and Feed
      Wageningen Academic Publishers
      conservation, Hermetia illucens , sustainable agriculture, waste management

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          Abstract

          Securing protein for the approximate 10 billion humans expected to inhabit our planet by 2050 is a major priority for the global community. Evidence has accrued over the past 30 years that strongly supports and justifies the sustainable use of insects as a means to produce protein products as feed for pets, livestock, poultry, and aquacultured species. Researchers and entrepreneurs affiliated with universities and industries, respectively, from 18 nations distributed across North and South America, Europe, Asia, Africa and Australia contributed to the development of this article, which is an indication of the global interest on this topic. A brief overview of insects as feed for the aquaculture industry along with a review of the black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), as a model for such systems is provided.

          Most cited references8

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          Yield Trends Are Insufficient to Double Global Crop Production by 2050

          Several studies have shown that global crop production needs to double by 2050 to meet the projected demands from rising population, diet shifts, and increasing biofuels consumption. Boosting crop yields to meet these rising demands, rather than clearing more land for agriculture has been highlighted as a preferred solution to meet this goal. However, we first need to understand how crop yields are changing globally, and whether we are on track to double production by 2050. Using ∼2.5 million agricultural statistics, collected for ∼13,500 political units across the world, we track four key global crops—maize, rice, wheat, and soybean—that currently produce nearly two-thirds of global agricultural calories. We find that yields in these top four crops are increasing at 1.6%, 1.0%, 0.9%, and 1.3% per year, non-compounding rates, respectively, which is less than the 2.4% per year rate required to double global production by 2050. At these rates global production in these crops would increase by ∼67%, ∼42%, ∼38%, and ∼55%, respectively, which is far below what is needed to meet projected demands in 2050. We present detailed maps to identify where rates must be increased to boost crop production and meet rising demands.
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            Global environmental impacts of agricultural expansion: the need for sustainable and efficient practices.

            D. Tilman (1999)
            The recent intensification of agriculture, and the prospects of future intensification, will have major detrimental impacts on the nonagricultural terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems of the world. The doubling of agricultural food production during the past 35 years was associated with a 6.87-fold increase in nitrogen fertilization, a 3.48-fold increase in phosphorus fertilization, a 1.68-fold increase in the amount of irrigated cropland, and a 1.1-fold increase in land in cultivation. Based on a simple linear extension of past trends, the anticipated next doubling of global food production would be associated with approximately 3-fold increases in nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization rates, a doubling of the irrigated land area, and an 18% increase in cropland. These projected changes would have dramatic impacts on the diversity, composition, and functioning of the remaining natural ecosystems of the world, and on their ability to provide society with a variety of essential ecosystem services. The largest impacts would be on freshwater and marine ecosystems, which would be greatly eutrophied by high rates of nitrogen and phosphorus release from agricultural fields. Aquatic nutrient eutrophication can lead to loss of biodiversity, outbreaks of nuisance species, shifts in the structure of food chains, and impairment of fisheries. Because of aerial redistribution of various forms of nitrogen, agricultural intensification also would eutrophy many natural terrestrial ecosystems and contribute to atmospheric accumulation of greenhouse gases. These detrimental environmental impacts of agriculture can be minimized only if there is much more efficient use and recycling of nitrogen and phosphorus in agroecosystems.
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              Fly Prepupae as a Feedstuff for Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                jiff
                Journal of Insects as Food and Feed
                Wageningen Academic Publishers
                2352-4588
                7 December 2015
                : 1
                : 4
                : 307-309
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Texas A&M University, Department of Entomology, 2475 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
                [ 2 ] Wageningen University, Department of Plant Sciences, Laboratory of Entomology, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
                [ 3 ] Michigan State University, Department of Entomology and Department of Osteopathic Medical Specialties, 243 Natural Science Building, Lansing, MI 48824, USA
                [ 4 ] Mississippi State University, Department of Biological Sciences, P.O. Box GY, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
                [ 5 ] Bogor Agricultural University, Department of Nutrition and Feed technology, Agathis Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor, West Java, 16680, Indonesia
                [ 6 ] University of Foggia, Department of Science of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Via Napoli 25, Foggia 71121, Italy
                [ 7 ] AgriProtein Technologies, Research and Development, 1 Rochester Road, cnr Stock Road, Philippi, Cape Town, Western Cape, 7781, South Africa
                [ 8 ] Diptera s.r.l., S.P. 141, km 7,200, Manfredonia 71043, Italy
                [ 9 ] University of Bonn, Centre for Development Research, Walter-Flex-Str. 3, 53113 Bonn, Germany
                [ 10 ] Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, Bratislava 845 06, Slovakia
                [ 11 ] Agricultural Research Service, SPARC, 2881 F&B Road College Station, TX 77845, USA
                [ 12 ] 4Ento Sarl, Chemin des Ramiers 12, Pully-Vaud 1009, Switzerland
                [ 13 ] AgriProtein, 33 Church Street, Cape Town 8001, South Africa
                [ 14 ] F4F, Camino La Fuente 1558, Las Condes, Santiago, Región Metropolitana, 7591293, Chile
                [ 15 ] Medical Univeristy of Vienna, Department of Dermatology, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Vienna 1090, Austria
                [ 16 ] Mark Finke LLC, 17028 Wildcat Drive, Rio Verde, AZ 85263, USA
                [ 17 ] Danish Technological Institute, Chemistry and Biotechnology, Kongsvang Alle 29, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark
                [ 18 ] Stiftung Tierärztliche Hochschule, Hannover University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, Institut für Lebensmittelqualität und -sicherheit, Institut for Food Quality and Food Safety, LMQS, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
                [ 19 ] Wuhan Chaotuo Ecological Agriculture Co., LTD, Shanpo street, Jiangxia District, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430216, China P.R.
                [ 20 ] Danish Technological Institute, Chemistry and Biotechnology, Kongsvang Alle 29, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark
                [ 21 ] International Platform of Insect for Food and Feed, Rue Belliard 199, B.22, 1040 Brussels, Belgium
                [ 22 ] Millibeter, Dambruggestraat 200, 2060 Antwerpen, Belgium
                [ 23 ] The Bug Shack, 50 Harland Road, Bournemouth BH6 4DW, United Kingdom
                [ 24 ] University of Hawaii at Manoa, Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, 1955 East-Wedt Rd., Ag. Sci. 218, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
                [ 25 ] NextAlim, 2 Avenue Galilée, Futuroscope, 86961 Chasseneuil-du-Poitou cedex, France
                [ 26 ] Midas Meal, 235 Nicholson St., Abbotsford, VIC, 3067, Australia
                [ 27 ] Shandong Agricultural University, College of Plant Protection, No. 61, Daizong Street, Taian, Shandong Province, 271000, China P.R.
                [ 28 ] University of Georgia Tifton Campus, Animal & Dairy Science Dept., 4251 US Hwy 319 S, Tifton, GA 31793, USA
                [ 29 ] Prota Culture, LLC, P.O. Box 4120 #15135, Portland, OR 97208-4120, USA
                [ 30 ] Michigan State University, Department of Entomology, 243 Natural Science Building, Lansing, MI 48824, USA
                [ 31 ] Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), Department of Biology, 723 W. Michigan Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
                [ 32 ] University of Alicante, Department of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resources, P.O. Box 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain
                [ 33 ] University of Camerino, School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, Viale Circonvallazione 93/95, 62024 Matelica, Italy
                [ 34 ] Insect Science Resource LLC, 768 Brighton Road Tifton, GA 31794, USA
                [ 35 ] Eawag – ETH Zurich, Sandec (Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development), Ueberlandstrasse 133, 8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
                [ 36 ] Enterra Feed Corporation, Research and Development, 134 Great Northern Way, Vancouver, BC, V5T4T5, Canada
                [ 37 ] Central China Normal University, School of Life Sciences, 152 Luoyu Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430079, China P.R.
                [ 38 ] Biosciences Research Branch, Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport & Resources, AgriBio, 5 Ring Road, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
                [ 39 ] School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, AgriBio, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
                [ 40 ] Huazhong Agricultural University, College of Life Science and Technology, No. 1, Shizishan Street, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430070, China P.R.
                Author notes
                Article
                10.3920/JIFF2015.0098
                29510743
                9c0e8c3b-eb0c-455b-b7dd-282887cd6b2f
                © 2015 Wageningen Academic Publishers

                History
                : 11 November 2015
                : 16 November 2015
                Categories
                OPINION ARTICLE

                Animal agriculture,General life sciences,Nutrition & Dietetics,Animal science & Zoology,Life sciences
                conservation, Hermetia illucens ,sustainable agriculture,waste management

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