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      Bacillus thuringiensis: Avances y perspectivas en el control biológico de Aedes aegypti Translated title: Bacillus thuringiensis: Advances and perspectives in the biological control of Aedes aegypti

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          Abstract

          Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) se presenta como una alternativa atractiva para el control de Aedes aegypti por sus claras ventajas sobre insecticidas químicos, a saber: alta especificidad, inocuidad sobre el medio ambiente y lento desarrollo de resistencia. Las nuevas tendencias en formulaciones que utilizan agentes encapsulantes como almidón, o adsorción a partículas de arcilla, ayudan a proteger los productos Bt de factores que afectan su actividad, tales como la radiación UV, la temperatura y la degradación microbiana, mejorando la persistencia del producto, al tiempo que pueden actuar como fago-estimulantes. No obstante, es necesario evaluar estas propuestas en el contexto del control de Aedes aegypti, sobretodo en relación a la manipulación humana de los criaderos y el estado nutricional de la larva. Bt también ofrece la posibilidad de obtener productos variados que permitan la alternancia de aplicaciones y, posiblemente, productos que, de ser necesario, se adecuen a las necesidades específicas de cada región.

          Translated abstract

          Bacillus thuringiensis is an attractive alternative for the control of Aedes aegypti for its clear advantages over chemical insecticides, high specificity, safety on the environment and slow development of resistance. New trends in formulations using encapsulating agents such as starch, or adsorption to clay particles that help protect the products of Bt factors affecting their activity, such as UV radiation, temperature and microbial degradation, enhance the persistence of the product, which can act as phage-type stimulants. However, it is necessary to evaluate these proposals in the context of the control of Ae. aegypti, especially in relation to the human manipulation of breeding sites and nutritional status of the larva. Bt also offers the possibility of obtaining products that enable a variety of alternate applications, and possibly products, if necessary, to suit the specific needs of each region.

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          Most cited references76

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          Role of receptors in Bacillus thuringiensis crystal toxin activity.

          Bacillus thuringiensis produces crystalline protein inclusions with insecticidal or nematocidal properties. These crystal (Cry) proteins determine a particular strain's toxicity profile. Transgenic crops expressing one or more recombinant Cry toxins have become agriculturally important. Individual Cry toxins are usually toxic to only a few species within an order, and receptors on midgut epithelial cells have been shown to be critical determinants of Cry specificity. The best characterized of these receptors have been identified for lepidopterans, and two major receptor classes have emerged: the aminopeptidase N (APN) receptors and the cadherin-like receptors. Currently, 38 different APNs have been reported for 12 different lepidopterans. Each APN belongs to one of five groups that have unique structural features and Cry-binding properties. While 17 different APNs have been reported to bind to Cry toxins, only 2 have been shown to mediate toxin susceptibly in vivo. In contrast, several cadherin-like proteins bind to Cry toxins and confer toxin susceptibility in vitro, and disruption of the cadherin gene has been associated with toxin resistance. Nonetheless, only a small subset of the lepidopteran-specific Cry toxins has been shown to interact with cadherin-like proteins. This review analyzes the interactions between Cry toxins and their receptors, focusing on the identification and validation of receptors, the molecular basis for receptor recognition, the role of the receptor in resistant insects, and proposed models to explain the sequence of events at the cell surface by which receptor binding leads to cell death.
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            Transgenic plants expressing two Bacillus thuringiensis toxins delay insect resistance evolution.

            Preventing insect pests from developing resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins produced by transgenic crops is a major challenge for agriculture. Theoretical models suggest that plants containing two dissimilar Bt toxin genes ('pyramided' plants) have the potential to delay resistance more effectively than single-toxin plants used sequentially or in mosaics. To test these predictions, we developed a unique model system consisting of Bt transgenic broccoli plants and the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. We conducted a greenhouse study using an artificial population of diamondback moths carrying genes for resistance to the Bt toxins Cry1Ac and Cry1C at frequencies of about 0.10 and 0.20, respectively. After 24 generations of selection, resistance to pyramided two-gene plants was significantly delayed as compared with resistance to single-gene plants deployed in mosaics, and to Cry1Ac toxin when it was the first used in a sequence. These results have important implications for the development and regulation of transgenic insecticidal plants.
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              Physiological bases of mosquito ecology.

              H. Briegel (2003)
              The research carried out during more than 30 years in the author's laboratory is briefly reviewed. Quantitative analyses of basic physiological processes, such as growth and development, digestion and excretion, oogenesis and fecundity, reserve synthesis and resulting flight-potentials of Aedes aegypti were summarized and compared with several other mosquito species, particularly with Anopheles. These studies led to the recognition of distinctly different physiological strategies, for which the term "physiotype" has been coined, providing a basis for understanding the different ecotypes.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                bmsa
                Boletín de Malariología y Salud Ambiental
                Bol Mal Salud Amb
                Instituto de Altos Estudios en Salud Pública Dr. Arnoldo Gabaldon (Maracay )
                1690-4648
                December 2009
                : 49
                : 2
                : 181-191
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidad Simón Bolívar Venezuela
                Article
                S1690-46482009000200002
                9c1b3755-9c19-43c7-9718-dbafb603000e

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Venezuela

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.org.ve/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1690-4648&lng=en
                Categories
                INFECTIOUS DISEASES
                PARASITOLOGY

                Parasitology,Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Aedes aegypti,Dengue,control,Bacillus thuringiensis
                Parasitology, Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Aedes aegypti, Dengue, control, Bacillus thuringiensis

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