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      Itinerarios terapéuticos de mujeres migrantes con hipertensión arterial: miradas desde el proceso salud-enfermedad-atención Translated title: Therapeutic itineraries of migrant women with arterial hypertension: views from the health-disease-care process

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN: Introducción: La hipertensión arterial (HTA) es un factor de riesgo de morbilidad y mortalidad a nivel global y la principal causa de muerte prematura, afecta en buena parte a mujeres. El propósito del estudio fue comprender cómo las mujeres migrantes (MM) con HTA configuran sus itinerarios terapéuticos (IT) en la búsqueda de atención sanitaria en Colombia, desde el proceso salud-enfermedad-atención. Métodos Estudio cualitativo con enfoque de teoría fundamentada. Se realizaron 16 entrevistas y 2 grupos focales a MM con HTA en Popayán Colombia. Se realizó muestreo teórico intencionado hasta alcanzar la saturación teórica y la abstracción de categorías emergentes a través de codificación abierta, axial y selectiva. Resultados: La codificación abierta generó 1.135 códigos. La categoría principal emergente fue que los IT en la atención de la HTA están determinados por dinámicas sociales, culturales, políticas y económicas. Como subcategorías relacionadas emergieron: riesgos de enfermar por HTA configuran IT; surge heterogeneidad de recursos terapéuticos formales e informales para atender la enfermedad; existen determinantes de acceso al sistema sanitario; y movilización de diversas prácticas para el seguimiento y control del padecimiento. Conclusión Las mujeres en situación de migración con HTA configuran IT para lograr la atención en salud no solo desde el sistema sanitario estatal, sino a partir de diversos elementos del orden social, cultural, político y económico. En esta medida, la HTA supera nominaciones mórbidas exclusivas de la biomedicina y de la relación médico-paciente, para abocarse y trascender hacia un padecimiento que exige resolver contingencias del contexto.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT: Introduction: Arterial hypertension (AH) is a global risk factor for morbidity and mortality and the main cause of premature death, largely affecting women. The purpose of the study was to understand how migrant women (MW) with AH configure their therapeutic itineraries (TI) in the search for health care in Colombia, from the health-disease-care process. Methods: Qualitative study with a grounded theory approach. 16 interviews and two focus groups were conducted with MW with AH in Popayán Colombia. Intentional theoretical sampling was carried out until reaching theoretical saturation and the abstraction of emerging categories through open, axial and selective coding. Results: Open coding generated 1,135 codes. The main emerging category was that TI in AH care are determined by social, cultural, political, and economic dynamics. As related subcategories emerged: the risks of getting sick from AH configure TI; heterogeneity of formal and informal therapeutic resources arises to attend to the disease; there are determinants of access to the health system; and mobilization of various practices for monitoring and control of the disease. Conclusion: Women in a situation of migration with AH configure TI to achieve health care not only from the state health system, but from various elements of the social, cultural, political and economic order. To this extent, AH goes beyond morbid nominations exclusive to biomedicine and the doctor-patient relationship, to address and transcend towards a condition that requires resolving contingencies of the context.

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          Most cited references30

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          Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

          Summary Background The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 comparative risk assessment (CRA) is a comprehensive approach to risk factor quantification that offers a useful tool for synthesising evidence on risks and risk–outcome associations. With each annual GBD study, we update the GBD CRA to incorporate improved methods, new risks and risk–outcome pairs, and new data on risk exposure levels and risk–outcome associations. Methods We used the CRA framework developed for previous iterations of GBD to estimate levels and trends in exposure, attributable deaths, and attributable disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), by age group, sex, year, and location for 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or groups of risks from 1990 to 2017. This study included 476 risk–outcome pairs that met the GBD study criteria for convincing or probable evidence of causation. We extracted relative risk and exposure estimates from 46 749 randomised controlled trials, cohort studies, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources. We used statistical models to pool data, adjust for bias, and incorporate covariates. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL), we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. We explored the relationship between development and risk exposure by modelling the relationship between the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and risk-weighted exposure prevalence and estimated expected levels of exposure and risk-attributable burden by SDI. Finally, we explored temporal changes in risk-attributable DALYs by decomposing those changes into six main component drivers of change as follows: (1) population growth; (2) changes in population age structures; (3) changes in exposure to environmental and occupational risks; (4) changes in exposure to behavioural risks; (5) changes in exposure to metabolic risks; and (6) changes due to all other factors, approximated as the risk-deleted death and DALY rates, where the risk-deleted rate is the rate that would be observed had we reduced the exposure levels to the TMREL for all risk factors included in GBD 2017. Findings In 2017, 34·1 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 33·3–35·0) deaths and 1·21 billion (1·14–1·28) DALYs were attributable to GBD risk factors. Globally, 61·0% (59·6–62·4) of deaths and 48·3% (46·3–50·2) of DALYs were attributed to the GBD 2017 risk factors. When ranked by risk-attributable DALYs, high systolic blood pressure (SBP) was the leading risk factor, accounting for 10·4 million (9·39–11·5) deaths and 218 million (198–237) DALYs, followed by smoking (7·10 million [6·83–7·37] deaths and 182 million [173–193] DALYs), high fasting plasma glucose (6·53 million [5·23–8·23] deaths and 171 million [144–201] DALYs), high body-mass index (BMI; 4·72 million [2·99–6·70] deaths and 148 million [98·6–202] DALYs), and short gestation for birthweight (1·43 million [1·36–1·51] deaths and 139 million [131–147] DALYs). In total, risk-attributable DALYs declined by 4·9% (3·3–6·5) between 2007 and 2017. In the absence of demographic changes (ie, population growth and ageing), changes in risk exposure and risk-deleted DALYs would have led to a 23·5% decline in DALYs during that period. Conversely, in the absence of changes in risk exposure and risk-deleted DALYs, demographic changes would have led to an 18·6% increase in DALYs during that period. The ratios of observed risk exposure levels to exposure levels expected based on SDI (O/E ratios) increased globally for unsafe drinking water and household air pollution between 1990 and 2017. This result suggests that development is occurring more rapidly than are changes in the underlying risk structure in a population. Conversely, nearly universal declines in O/E ratios for smoking and alcohol use indicate that, for a given SDI, exposure to these risks is declining. In 2017, the leading Level 4 risk factor for age-standardised DALY rates was high SBP in four super-regions: central Europe, eastern Europe, and central Asia; north Africa and Middle East; south Asia; and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania. The leading risk factor in the high-income super-region was smoking, in Latin America and Caribbean was high BMI, and in sub-Saharan Africa was unsafe sex. O/E ratios for unsafe sex in sub-Saharan Africa were notably high, and those for alcohol use in north Africa and the Middle East were notably low. Interpretation By quantifying levels and trends in exposures to risk factors and the resulting disease burden, this assessment offers insight into where past policy and programme efforts might have been successful and highlights current priorities for public health action. Decreases in behavioural, environmental, and occupational risks have largely offset the effects of population growth and ageing, in relation to trends in absolute burden. Conversely, the combination of increasing metabolic risks and population ageing will probably continue to drive the increasing trends in non-communicable diseases at the global level, which presents both a public health challenge and opportunity. We see considerable spatiotemporal heterogeneity in levels of risk exposure and risk-attributable burden. Although levels of development underlie some of this heterogeneity, O/E ratios show risks for which countries are overperforming or underperforming relative to their level of development. As such, these ratios provide a benchmarking tool to help to focus local decision making. Our findings reinforce the importance of both risk exposure monitoring and epidemiological research to assess causal connections between risks and health outcomes, and they highlight the usefulness of the GBD study in synthesising data to draw comprehensive and robust conclusions that help to inform good policy and strategic health planning. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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            Sex Differences in Blood Pressure Trajectories Over the Life Course

            How do patterns of blood pressure (BP) change over the life course and differ between sexes? In this analysis of 4 community cohort studies, trajectories of BP elevation in 32 833 individuals (54% women) were examined serially over 4 decades (age span, 5 to 98 years). Women compared with men exhibited a steeper increase in BP measures that began as early as in the third decade and continued throughout the life course. Sex differences in BP trajectories, which begin early and persist with aging, may set the stage for later-life cardiovascular diseases that frequently present differently in women vs men. If we assume that women and men exhibit variations of the same fundamental vascular physiology, then conventional analyses of subclinical measures would suggest that women catch up to men by midlife in the extent of potentially important vascular disease. Alternatively, under the assumption that vascular physiology may fundamentally differ between women and men, a sex-specific analysis of existing data could offer new insights and augment our understanding of sex differences in cardiovascular diseases. To evaluate whether longitudinal patterns of blood pressure (BP) elevation differ between women and men during the life course when considering baseline BP levels as the reference. We conducted sex-specific analyses of longitudinal BP measures (144 599 observations) collected for a period of 43 years (1971 to 2014) in 4 community-based US cohort studies. The combined total included 32 833 participants (54% female) spanning ages 5 to 98 years. Data were analyzed between May 4, 2019, and August 5, 2019. Age and serially assessed longitudinal BP measures: systolic BP, diastolic BP, mean arterial pressure (MAP), and pulse pressure (PP). Sex-specific change in each primary BP measure compared with baseline BP levels, derived from multilevel longitudinal models fitted over the age span, and new-onset cardiovascular disease events. Of the 32 833 participants, 17 733 were women (54%). Women compared with men exhibited a steeper increase in BP that began as early as in the third decade and continued through the life course (likelihood ratio test χ 2  = 531 for systolic BP; χ 2  = 123 for diastolic BP; χ 2  = 325 for MAP; and χ 2  = 572 for PP; P for all <.001). After adjustment for multiple cardiovascular disease risk factors, these between-sex differences in all BP trajectories persisted (likelihood ratio test χ 2  = 314 for systolic BP; χ 2  = 31 for diastolic BP; χ 2  = 129 for MAP; and χ 2  = 485 for PP; P for all <.001). In contrast with the notion that important vascular disease processes in women lag behind men by 10 to 20 years, sex-specific analyses indicate that BP measures actually progress more rapidly in women than in men, beginning early in life. This early-onset sexual dimorphism may set the stage for later-life cardiovascular diseases that tend to present differently, not simply later, in women compared with men. This study evaluates whether longitudinal patterns of blood pressure elevation differ between women and men during the life course when considering baseline blood pressure levels as the reference.
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              Modelos de atención de los padecimientos: de exclusiones teóricas y articulaciones prácticas

              En las sociedades latinoamericanas existen diversos modelos de atención de los padecimientos que son considerados en forma aislada y hasta antagónica por el sector salud, en lugar de observar las estrechas relaciones que se dan entre esos modelos a través de las prácticas y representaciones de los sujetos que los utilizan. En este trabajo se describen las relaciones que existen entre la biomedicina y la autoatención, para evidenciar el continuo proceso de transacciones que operan entre las mismas. Primero se describen algunas características básicas de la biomedicina y de la autoatención, para luego observar las transacciones que existen entre ambas, especialmente a través de la prescripción de fármacos y de la automedicación. Este proceso transaccional tiende a ser ignorado por la biomedicina, que critica los procesos de automedicación, lo que resulta paradojal dado que la biomedicina y sobre todo el sector salud impulsan procesos de autoatención que incluyen la automedicación, sin reflexionar sobre la articulación y sobre las consecuencias que estas transacciones tienen para el proceso salud/enfermedad/atención. Se propone la necesidad no sólo de reflexionar sobre estos procesos transaccionales, sino de utilizarlos intencionalemnte desde el sector salud.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                eg
                Enfermería Global
                Enferm. glob.
                Universidad de Murcia (Murcia, Murcia, Spain )
                1695-6141
                2023
                : 22
                : 72
                : 380-401
                Affiliations
                [1] Cali Valle del Cauca orgnameUniversidad del Valle Colombia jorge.sotelo@ 123456correounivalle.edu.co
                [2] Popayan Valle del Cauca orgnameUniversidad del Cauca Colombia
                Article
                S1695-61412023000400013 S1695-6141(23)02207200013
                10.6018/eglobal.559141
                9c1ff38e-e8f9-472e-8c81-37cc8ac94cab

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 International License.

                History
                : 01 March 2023
                : 08 July 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 30, Pages: 22
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Originales

                Hipertensión arterial,Itinerarios terapéuticos,proceso salud/enfermedad/atención,Mujer,Migrante,Therapeutic itineraries, health/illness/care process,Arterial hypertension,Woman,Migrant

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