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      An emerging player in knee osteoarthritis: the infrapatellar fat pad

      review-article
      1 , , 1
      Arthritis Research & Therapy
      BioMed Central

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          Abstract

          The role of inflammation in the development, progression, and clinical features of osteoarthritis has become an area of intense research in recent years. This led to the recognition of synovitis as an important source of inflammation in the joint and indicated that synovitis is intimately associated with pain and osteoarthritis progression. In this review, we discuss another emerging source of inflammation that could play a role in disease development/progression: the infrapatellar fat pad (IFP). The aim of this review is to offer a comprehensive view of the pathology of IFP as obtained from magnetic resonance studies, along with its characterization at both the cellular and the molecular level. Furthermore, we discuss the possible function of this organ in the pathological processes in the knee by summarizing the knowledge regarding the interactions between IFP and other joint tissues and discussing the pro- versus anti-inflammatory functions this tissue could have. We hope that this review will offer an overview of all published data regarding the IFP and will indicate novel directions for future research.

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          Most cited references52

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          Synovial inflammation, immune cells and their cytokines in osteoarthritis: a review.

          Although osteoarthritis (OA) is considered a non-inflammatory condition, it is widely accepted that synovial inflammation is a feature of OA. However, the role of immune cells and their cytokines in OA is largely unknown. This narrative systematic review summarizes the knowledge of inflammatory properties, immune cells and their cytokines in synovial tissues (STs) of OA patients. Broad literature search in different databases was performed which resulted in 100 articles. Of 100 articles 33 solely investigated inflammation in OA ST with or without comparison with normal samples; the remaining primarily focussed on rheumatoid arthritis (RA) ST. Studies investigating different severity stages or cellular source of cytokines were sparse. OA ST displayed mild/moderate grade inflammation when investigated by means of haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. Most frequently found cells types were macrophages, T cells and mast cells (MCs). Overall the number of cells was lower than in RA, although the number of MCs was as high as or sometimes even higher than in RA ST. Cytokines related to T cell or macrophage function were found in OA ST. Their expression was overall higher than in normal ST, but lower than in RA ST. Their cellular source remains largely unknown in OA ST. Inflammation is common in OA ST and characterized by immune cell infiltration and cytokine secretion. This inflammation seems quantitatively and qualitatively different from inflammation in RA. Further research is needed to clarify the role of inflammation, immune cells and their cytokines in the pathogenesis of OA. Copyright © 2012 Osteoarthritis Research Society International. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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            Pleiotropic actions of insulin resistance and inflammation in metabolic homeostasis.

            Metabolism and immunity are inextricably linked both to each other and to organism-wide function, allowing mammals to adapt to changes in their internal and external environments. In the modern context of obesogenic diets and lifestyles, however, these adaptive responses can have deleterious consequences. In this Review, we discuss the pleiotropic actions of inflammation and insulin resistance in metabolic homeostasis and disease. An appreciation of the adaptive context in which these responses arose is useful for understanding their pathogenic actions in disease.
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              Immunological goings-on in visceral adipose tissue.

              Chronic, low-grade inflammation of visceral adipose tissue, and systemically, is a critical link between recent strikingly parallel rises in the incidence of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Macrophages have been recognized for some time to be critical participants in obesity-induced inflammation of adipose tissue. Of late, a score of other cell types of the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system have been suggested to play a positive or negative role in adipose tissue infiltrates. This piece reviews the existing data on these new participants; discusses experimental uncertainties, inconsistencies, and complexities; and puts forward a minimalist synthetic scheme. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Arthritis Res Ther
                Arthritis Res. Ther
                Arthritis Research & Therapy
                BioMed Central
                1478-6354
                1478-6362
                2013
                24 December 2013
                24 June 2014
                : 15
                : 6
                : 225
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
                Article
                ar4422
                10.1186/ar4422
                3979009
                24367915
                9c2d6894-251a-4c12-98f4-5fda8a32afad
                Copyright © 2013 BioMed Central Ltd.
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                Orthopedics
                Orthopedics

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