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      Dermacentor reticulatus is a vector of tick-borne encephalitis virus

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          Tick-borne encephalitis 2010: epidemiology, risk areas, and virus strains in Europe and Asia-an overview.

          Over the past decades, tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) has become a growing public health concern in Europe and Asia and is the most important viral tick-borne disease in Europe. It is also important in the Far East and in other parts of Asia. Vaccination can effectively prevent TBE. It is indicated for persons inhabiting or visiting a TBE endemic area who are likely to be exposed to tick bites. For this purpose, it is necessary to know where TBE virus (TBEV) occurs, where vectors are a potential hazard, and where as a consequence autochthonous TBE cases have been registered. Natural changes in the known TBE foci and the detection of new foci necessitate a summarizing data update to optimize the protection of inhabitants and visitors to TBE endemic areas. The present review includes an overview of the epidemiological data on TBE in Europe and Asia gathered between 1990 and 2009 and describes old and especially new TBE risk areas in Europe and Asia. 2011 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.
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            Dermacentor reticulatus: a vector on the rise

            Dermacentor reticulatus is a hard tick species with extraordinary biological features. It has a high reproduction rate, a rapid developmental cycle, and is also able to overcome years of unfavourable conditions. Dermacentor reticulatus can survive under water for several months and is cold-hardy even compared to other tick species. It has a wide host range: over 60 different wild and domesticated hosts are known for the three active developmental stages. Its high adaptiveness gives an edge to this tick species as shown by new data on the emergence and establishment of D. reticulatus populations throughout Europe. The tick has been the research focus of a growing number of scientists, physicians and veterinarians. Within the Web of Science database, more than a fifth of the over 700 items published on this species between 1897 and 2015 appeared in the last three years (2013–2015). Here we attempt to synthesize current knowledge on the systematics, ecology, geographical distribution and recent spread of the species and to highlight the great spectrum of possible veterinary and public health threats it poses. Canine babesiosis caused by Babesia canis is a severe leading canine vector-borne disease in many endemic areas. Although less frequently than Ixodes ricinus, D. reticulatus adults bite humans and transmit several Rickettsia spp., Omsk haemorrhagic fever virus or Tick-borne encephalitis virus. We have not solely collected and reviewed the latest and fundamental scientific papers available in primary databases but also widened our scope to books, theses, conference papers and specialists colleagues’ experience where needed. Besides the dominant literature available in English, we also tried to access scientific literature in German, Russian and eastern European languages as well. We hope to inspire future research projects that are necessary to understand the basic life-cycle and ecology of this vector in order to understand and prevent disease threats. We conclude that although great strides have been made in our knowledge of the eco-epidemiology of this species, several gaps still need to be filled with basic research, targeting possible reservoir and vector roles and the key factors resulting in the observed geographical spread of D. reticulatus. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1599-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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              Geographical distribution of Dermacentor marginatus and Dermacentor reticulatus in Europe.

              The goal of this paper is to present up-to-date maps depicting the geographical distribution of Dermacentor species in Europe based on georeferenced sampling sites. Therefore, a dataset was compiled, resulting in 1286 D. marginatus (Sulzer, 1776) and 1209 D. reticulatus (Fabricius, 1794) locations. Special emphasis is given to the region of the European Alps depicting a presumable climate barrier of the mountains and to overlaps in the distribution of both species as well as on the situation in eastern European countries. For the latter newly described Dermacentor findings comprise 59 locations in Romania and 62 locations in Ukraine. The geographical distributions of both species in Europe range from Portugal to Ukraine (and continue to the east of Kazakhstan). Although it is well known that D. marginatus is adapted to a warmer and drier climate at more southern latitudes and D. reticulatus to a moderately moist climate at more northern latitudes, the distribution limits of both species were not well known. Here, the northern and southern distribution limits for both species in Europe, as determined from the georeferenced database, were specified for D. marginatus by the belt of 33-51° N latitude and for D. reticulatus by the belt of 41-57° N latitude. Thus, overlapping species distributions were found between 41° N and 51° N.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases
                Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases
                Elsevier BV
                1877959X
                July 2020
                July 2020
                : 11
                : 4
                : 101414
                Article
                10.1016/j.ttbdis.2020.101414
                32173297
                9c3531ad-7c39-4bcf-8b99-f8e070455a55
                © 2020

                https://www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/

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