Motile Salmonella serotypes causing high mortality in poultry farms in three South-Western States of Nigeria

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Abstract

This study was carried out to identify the Salmonella serotypes causing high mortality in chickens in Lagos, Ogun and Oyo states, Nigeria. Chickens presented for postmortem examination during disease outbreaks that were characterised by high mortality (40 per cent to 80 per cent) in poultry farms in the study area were examined from January to December, 2013. Samples of the lungs, heart, liver, spleen, kidneys, proventriculus, intestine and caecum were collected from suspected cases of salmonellosis, for bacterial culture and identification. Salmonella isolates were confirmed using PCR and serotyped using the Kauffman-White scheme. Twenty-six day-old pullets were raised to two weeks and inoculated orally with 0.2 mL of 1×10 ⁸ colony forming units of Salmonella Zega identified in the present study to determine their pathogenicity, while another 26 served as control. The Salmonella serotypes were S Zega (n=13; 35.14 per cent), Salmonella Kentucky (n=9; 24.32 per cent), Salmonella Herston (n=6; 16.22 per cent), Salmonella Nima (n=4; 10.81 per cent), Salmonella Telelkebir (n=3; 8.11 per cent), Salmonella Colindale (n=1; 2.70 per cent) and Salmonella Tshiongwe (n=1; 2.70 per cent). Clinical signs in both natural and experimental infections were acute (70 per cent) and chronic (30 per cent), and included weakness, anorexia, yellowish diarrhoea, pasted vents, somnolescence and mortality, while gross lesions showed marked pulmonary congestion and oedema, necrotic foci in the myocardium; the liver, spleen and kidneys were markedly enlarged and had subcapsular multifocal necrosis. There were catarrhal proventriculitis and enteritis, and haemorrhagic typhlitis. While most of the serotypes identified in the present study have been isolated from poultry sources from commercial farms in Nigeria, to the best of the authors' knowledge, they have not been previously reported to cause high mortality in chickens in the study area.

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Fresh and processed poultry have been frequently implicated in cases of human salmonellosis. Furthermore, increased consumption of meat and poultry has increased the potential for exposure to Salmonella enterica. While advances have been made in reducing the prevalence and frequency of Salmonella contamination in processed poultry, there is mounting pressure on commercial growers to prevent and/or eliminate these human pathogens in preharvest production facilities. Several factors contribute to Salmonella colonization in commercial poultry, including the serovar and the infectious dose. In the early 1900s, Salmonella enterica serovars Pullorum and Gallinarum caused widespread diseases in poultry, but vaccination and other voluntary programs helped eradicate pullorum disease and fowl typhoid from commercial flocks. However, the niche created by the eradication of these serovars was likely filled by S. Enteritidis, which proliferated in the bird populations. While this pathogen remains a significant problem in commercial egg and poultry production, its prevalence among poultry has been declining since the 1990s. Coinciding with the decrease of S. Enteritidis, S. Heidelberg and S. Kentucky have emerged as the predominant serovars in commercial broilers. In this review, we have highlighted bacterial genetic and host-related factors that may contribute to such shifts in Salmonella populations in commercial poultry and intervention strategies that could limit their colonization.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Vet Rec Open

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Vet Rec Open

Journal ID (hwp): vetreco

Journal ID (publisher-id): vetreco

Title: Veterinary Record Open

Publisher: BMJ Publishing Group (BMA House, Tavistock Square, London, WC1H 9JR )

ISSN (Electronic): 2052-6113

Publication date Collection: 2017

Publication date (Electronic): 22 December 2017

Volume: 4

Issue: 1

Electronic Location Identifier: e000247

Affiliations

[1 ] departmentDepartment of Veterinary Pathology , Federal University of Agriculture , Abeokuta, Nigeria

[2 ] departmentDepartment of Veterinary Pathology , Ahmadu Bello University , Zaria, Nigeria

[3 ] departmentDepartment of Veterinary Medicine , Ahmadu Bello University , Zaria, Nigeria

[4 ] departmentDepartment of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology , Federal University of Agriculture , Abeokuta, Nigeria

[5 ] departmentDepartment of Veterinary Microbiology , Ahmadu Bello University , Zaria, Nigeria

[6 ] departmentDepartment of Bacteriology , Salmonella Research Division, National Veterinary Research Instutute , Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria

[7 ] departmentDepartment of Biotechnology , National Veterinary Research Institute , Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria

Author notes

[Correspondence to ] Dr Fakilahyel Musa Mshelbwala; mshelbwalafakilahyel@ 123456yahoo.com

Author information

Fakilahyel Musa Mshelbwala http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0462-979X

Article

Publisher ID: vetreco-2017-000247

DOI: 10.1136/vetreco-2017-000247

PMC ID: 5761298

PubMed ID: 29344363

SO-VID: 9c48a630-016d-487c-8afe-913faadd2c21

License:

This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/

History

Date received : 02 August 2017

Date revision received : 02 November 2017

Date accepted : 11 November 2017

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Keywords: salmonellosis,salmonella,serotypes,mortality,pathology,chickens

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Keywords: salmonellosis, salmonella, serotypes, mortality, pathology, chickens

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