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      Effects of Silicon Compounds on Biomineralization, Osteogenesis, and Hard Tissue Formation

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          Abstract

          Bioinspired stem cell-based hard tissue engineering includes numerous aspects: The synthesis and fabrication of appropriate scaffold materials, their analytical characterization, and guided osteogenesis using the sustained release of osteoinducing and/or osteoconducting drugs for mesenchymal stem cell differentiation, growth, and proliferation. Here, the effect of silicon- and silicate-containing materials on osteogenesis at the molecular level has been a particular focus within the last decade. This review summarizes recently published scientific results, including material developments and analysis, with a special focus on silicon hybrid bone composites. First, the sources, bioavailability, and functions of silicon on various tissues are discussed. The second focus is on the effects of calcium-silicate biomineralization and corresponding analytical methods in investigating osteogenesis and bone formation. Finally, recent developments in the manufacturing of Si-containing scaffolds are discussed, including in vitro and in vivo studies, as well as recently filed patents that focus on the influence of silicon on hard tissue formation.

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          Most cited references176

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          Biomimetic systems for hydroxyapatite mineralization inspired by bone and enamel.

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            Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles: A Comprehensive Review on Synthesis and Recent Advances

            Recent advancements in drug delivery technologies utilizing a variety of carriers have resulted in a path-breaking revolution in the approach towards diagnosis and therapy alike in the current times. Need for materials with high thermal, chemical and mechanical properties have led to the development of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs). These ordered porous materials have garnered immense attention as drug carriers owing to their distinctive features over the others. They can be synthesized using a relatively simple process, thus making it cost effective. Moreover, by controlling the parameters during the synthesis; the morphology, pore size and volume and particle size can be transformed accordingly. Over the last few years, a rapid increase in research on MSNs as drug carriers for the treatment of various diseases has been observed indicating its potential benefits in drug delivery. Their widespread application for the loading of small molecules as well as macromolecules such as proteins, siRNA and so forth, has made it a versatile carrier. In the recent times, researchers have sorted to several modifications in the framework of MSNs to explore its potential in drug resistant chemotherapy, antimicrobial therapy. In this review, we have discussed the synthesis of these multitalented nanoparticles and the factors influencing the size and morphology of this wonder carrier. The second part of this review emphasizes on the applications and the advances made in the MSNs to broaden the spectrum of its use especially in the field of biomedicine. We have also touched upon the lacunae in the thorough understanding of its interaction with a biological system which poses a major hurdle in the passage of this carrier to the clinical level. In the final part of this review, we have discussed some of the major patents filed in the field of MSNs for therapeutic purpose.
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              A cooperative system of silicon transport in plants.

              The high accumulation of silicon (Si) protects plants from biotic and abiotic stresses. Two different types of Si transporter [Low Silicon 1 (Lsi1) and 2 (Lsi2)] involved in the uptake and distribution of Si have been identified. Lsi1, a Si permeable channel, belongs to the Nod26-like major intrinsic protein (NIP) III subgroup of the aquaporin membrane protein family with a distinct selectivity, whereas Lsi2, an efflux Si transporter, belongs to an uncharacterized anion transporter family. These transporters are localized to the plasma membrane, but, in different plant species, show different expression patterns and tissue or cellular localizations that are associated with different levels of Si accumulation. A recent mathematical modeling study revealed that cooperation of Lsi1 and Lsi2, which show a polarized localization, is required for the efficient transport of Si in rice.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Pharmaceutics
                Pharmaceutics
                pharmaceutics
                Pharmaceutics
                MDPI
                1999-4923
                12 March 2019
                March 2019
                : 11
                : 3
                : 117
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Orthodontics, Oral Biology Laboratory, School of Dentistry, Rheinische Wilhelms University of Bonn, Welschnonnenstr. 17, D-53111 Bonn, Germany; wgoetz@ 123456uni-bonn.de
                [2 ]Department of Natural Sciences, Bonn-Rhine-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, D-53359 Rheinbach, Germany; edda.tobiasch@ 123456h-brs.de (E.T.); steffen.witzleben@ 123456h-brs.de (S.W.)
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: margit.schulze@ 123456h-brs.de ; Tel.: +49-2241-865-566
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8975-1753
                Article
                pharmaceutics-11-00117
                10.3390/pharmaceutics11030117
                6471146
                30871062
                9cab3cc8-d092-4ced-b6a6-a244cd1ae39e
                © 2019 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 27 January 2019
                : 03 March 2019
                Categories
                Review

                alveolar bone,biomineralization,osteoblast,osteogenesis,scaffold,silicon,silicates,stem cells,tissue engineering

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