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      Insect ectoparasites from wild passerine birds in the Azores Islands Translated title: Insectes ectoparasites de passereaux sauvages aux Açores

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          Abstract

          A total of 266 wild passerine birds (Passeriformes) representing eight species and nine subspecies from three islands of the Archipelago of the Azores were examined for ectoparasites. Two species of louse-flies Ornithomya avicularia and Ornithoica turdi (Diptera: Hippoboscidae), three species of fleas Ceratophyllus gallinae, Ceratophyllus sp. and Dasypsyllus gallinulae (Siphonaptera: Ceratophyllidae), and 11 species of chewing lice belonging to the genera Menacanthus, Myrsidea (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae), Ricinus (Phthiraptera: Ricinidae), Brueelia, Guimaraesiella, Philopterus, Sturnidoecus and Turdinirmus (Phthiraptera: Philopteridae) were recorded. At least one species of ectoparasite was found on 114 birds of six species. Guimaraesiella tovornikae and Myrsidea sylviae from Sylvia atricapilla are redescribed. Records of Ceratophyllus sp. and Sturnidoecus sp. from Turdus merula represent new parasite-host associations. Phoresy of Guimaraesiella amsel on Ornithoica turdi was also found. Parasitological parameters such as prevalence, intensity and abundance and geographic distribution of recorded ectoparasites are provided.

          Translated abstract

          Un total de 266 passereaux sauvages (Passeriformes) de trois îles de l’archipel des Açores, représentant huit espèces et neuf sous-espèces, ont été examinés pour la recherche d’ectoparasites. Deux espèces de mouches-araignées, Ornithomya avicularia et Ornithoica turdi (Diptera : Hippoboscidae), trois espèces de puces, Ceratophyllus gallinae, Ceratophyllus sp. et Dasypsyllus gallinulae (Siphonaptera : Ceratophyllidae), et onze espèces de mallophages appartenant aux genres Menacanthus, Myrsidea (Phthiraptera : Menoponidae), Ricinus (Phthiraptera : Ricinidae), Brueelia, Guimaraesiella, Philopterus, Sturnidoecus et Turdinirmus (Phthiraptera : Philopteridae) sont signalées. Au moins une espèce d’ectoparasite a été trouvée sur 114 oiseaux de six espèces. Guimaraesiella tovornikae et Myrsidea sylviae, de Sylvia atricapilla, sont redécrits. Les signalements de Ceratophyllus sp. et Sturnidoecus sp. chez Turdus merula représentent de nouvelles associations parasites-hôtes. La phorésie de Guimaraesiella amsel sur Ornithoica turdi a également été trouvée. Les paramètres parasitologiques des ectoparasites signalés, tels que la prévalence, l'intensité, l'abondance et la répartition géographique, sont fournis.

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          Quantifying parasites in samples of hosts.

          Whereas terminological recommendations require authors to use mean intensity or mean abundance to quantify parasites in a sample of hosts, awkward statistical limitations also force them to use either the median or the geometric mean of these measures when making comparisons across different samples. Here, we propose to reconsider this inconsistent practice by giving priority to biological realism in the interpretation of different statistical descriptors and choosing the statistical tools appropriate to our decisions. Prevalence, mean intensity, and indices of parasite distribution (such as median intensity) are suitable descriptors to quantify parasites in a sample of hosts. These measures have different biological interpretations and need different statistical methods to be compared between samples.
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            Quantifying Parasites in Samples of Hosts

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              Parasites lost - do invaders miss the boat or drown on arrival?

              Host species that colonize new regions often lose parasite species. Using population arrival and establishment data for New Zealand's introduced bird species and their ectoparasitic chewing lice species, we test the relative importance of different processes and mechanisms in causing parasite species loss. Few lice failed to arrive in New Zealand with their hosts due to being missed by chance in the sample of hosts from the original population (missing the boat). Rather, most lice were absent because their hosts or the parasite themselves failed to establish populations in their new environment. Given they arrived and their host established, parasite persistence was more strongly related to factors associated with transmission efficiency (number of host individuals introduced, host body size, host sociality and parasite suborder) than parasite propagule pressure and aggregation. Such insights into parasite success are invaluable to both understanding and managing their impact.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Parasite
                Parasite
                parasite
                Parasite
                EDP Sciences
                1252-607X
                1776-1042
                2020
                20 November 2020
                : 27
                : ( publisher-idID: parasite/2020/01 )
                : 64
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno Palackeho tr. 1946/1 61242 Brno Czech Republic
                [2 ] Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resources, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Institute of Zoology 105 Xingang West Road Haizhu District Guangzhou 510260 China
                [3 ] CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Polo dos Açores, Universidade dos Açores 9501-801 Ponta Delgada Portugal
                [4 ] Instituto de Patologia Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile Isla Teja 5090000 Valdivia Chile
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author: oslejskoval@ 123456vfu.cz
                Article
                parasite200132 10.1051/parasite/2020063
                10.1051/parasite/2020063
                7680507
                33220720
                9cc2a67f-ba36-438a-8917-48f1e08afe4e
                © L. Oslejskova et al., published by EDP Sciences, 2020

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 26 August 2020
                : 02 November 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 5, Tables: 2, Equations: 0, References: 76, Pages: 16
                Categories
                Research Article

                chewing lice,phthiraptera,flea,siphonaptera,louse-fly,hippoboscidae,passeriformes,phoresy

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