The maturation of speech structure in psychosis is resistant to formal education

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Abstract

Discourse varies widely with age, level of education, and psychiatric state. Word graphs have been recently shown to provide behavioral markers of formal thought disorders in psychosis (e.g., disorganized flow of ideas) and to track literacy acquisition in children with typical development. Here we report that a graph-theoretical computational analysis of verbal reports from subjects spanning 6 decades of age and 2 decades of education reveals asymptotic changes over time that depend more on education than age. In typical subjects, short-range recurrence and lexical diversity stabilize after elementary school, whereas graph size and long-range recurrence only steady after high school. Short-range recurrence decreases towards random levels, while lexical diversity, long-range recurrence, and graph size increase away from near-randomness towards a plateau in educated adults. Subjects with psychosis do not show similar dynamics, presenting at adulthood a children-like discourse structure. Typical subjects increase the range of word recurrence over school years, but the same feature in subjects with psychosis resists education.

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Schizophrenia: a concise overview of incidence, prevalence, and mortality.

J. McGrath, S. Saha, D. CHANT … (2008)

Recent systematic reviews have encouraged the psychiatric research community to reevaluate the contours of schizophrenia epidemiology. This paper provides a concise overview of three related systematic reviews on the incidence, prevalence, and mortality associated with schizophrenia. The reviews shared key methodological features regarding search strategies, analysis of the distribution of the frequency estimates, and exploration of the influence of key variables (sex, migrant status, urbanicity, secular trend, economic status, and latitude). Contrary to previous interpretations, the incidence of schizophrenia shows prominent variation between sites. The median incidence of schizophrenia was 15.2/100,000 persons, and the central 80% of estimates varied over a fivefold range (7.7-43.0/100,000). The rate ratio for males:females was 1.4:1. Prevalence estimates also show prominent variation. The median lifetime morbid risk for schizophrenia was 7.2/1,000 persons. On the basis of the standardized mortality ratio, people with schizophrenia have a two- to threefold increased risk of dying (median standardized mortality ratio = 2.6 for all-cause mortality), and this differential gap in mortality has increased over recent decades. Compared with native-born individuals, migrants have an increased incidence and prevalence of schizophrenia. Exposures related to urbanicity, economic status, and latitude are also associated with various frequency measures. In conclusion, the epidemiology of schizophrenia is characterized by prominent variability and gradients that can help guide future research.

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How learning to read changes the cortical networks for vision and language.

Stanislas Dehaene, Felipe Pegado, Lucia W. Braga … (2010)

Does literacy improve brain function? Does it also entail losses? Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we measured brain responses to spoken and written language, visual faces, houses, tools, and checkers in adults of variable literacy (10 were illiterate, 22 became literate as adults, and 31 were literate in childhood). As literacy enhanced the left fusiform activation evoked by writing, it induced a small competition with faces at this location, but also broadly enhanced visual responses in fusiform and occipital cortex, extending to area V1. Literacy also enhanced phonological activation to speech in the planum temporale and afforded a top-down activation of orthography from spoken inputs. Most changes occurred even when literacy was acquired in adulthood, emphasizing that both childhood and adult education can profoundly refine cortical organization.

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Functional neuroimaging of speech perception in infants.

Ghislaine Dehaene-Lambertz, Stanislas Dehaene, Lucie Hertz-Pannier (2002)

Human infants begin to acquire their native language in the first months of life. To determine which brain regions support language processing at this young age, we measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging the brain activity evoked by normal and reversed speech in awake and sleeping 3-month-old infants. Left-lateralized brain regions similar to those of adults, including the superior temporal and angular gyri, were already active in infants. Additional activation in right prefrontal cortex was seen only in awake infants processing normal speech. Thus, precursors of adult cortical language areas are already active in infants, well before the onset of speech production.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Mauro Copelli:

ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7441-2858

mcopelli@df.ufpe.br

Sidarta Ribeiro:

ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9325-9545

sidartaribeiro@neuro.ufrn.br

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): NPJ Schizophr

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): NPJ Schizophr

Title: NPJ Schizophrenia

Publisher: Nature Publishing Group UK (London )

ISSN (Electronic): 2334-265X

Publication date (Electronic): 7 December 2018

Publication date PMC-release: 7 December 2018

Publication date Collection: 2018

Volume: 4

Electronic Location Identifier: 25

Affiliations

[1 ]ISNI 0000 0000 9687 399X, GRID grid.411233.6, Instituto do Cérebro, , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, ; Natal, Brazil

[2 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0670 7996, GRID grid.411227.3, Departamento de Física, , Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, ; Recife, Brazil

[3 ]GRID grid.440496.b, Laboratorio de Neurociencia, , Universidad Torcuato Di Tella, ; Buenos Aires, Argentina

[4 ]ISNI 0000 0001 1945 2152, GRID grid.423606.5, CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), ; Buenos Aires, Argentina

[5 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0674 2310, GRID grid.464701.0, Facultad de Lenguas y Educación, , Universidad Nebrija, ; Madrid, Spain

[6 ]GRID grid.481554.9, Computational Biology Center – Neuroscience, , IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, ; Yorktown Heights, USA

Author information

Guillermo Cecchi http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1013-8348

Mauro Copelli http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7441-2858

Sidarta Ribeiro http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9325-9545

Article

Publisher ID: 67

DOI: 10.1038/s41537-018-0067-3

PMC ID: 6286358

PubMed ID: 30531913

SO-VID: 9cdf0b9d-4eff-4182-bd4d-7837338201b4

License:

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

History

Date received : 5 July 2018

Date accepted : 8 November 2018

Funding

Funded by: FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/100001003, Boehringer Ingelheim (Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals);

Award ID: 270561

Award Recipient : Natália Bezerra Mota Mauro Copelli Sidarta Ribeiro

Funded by: Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), grants Universal 480053/2013-8 and Research Productivity 308775/2015-5; Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Projects OBEDUC-ACERTA 0898/2013 and STIC AmSud 062/2015; Center for Neuromathematics of the São Paulo Research Foundation FAPESP (grant 2013/07699-0)

Funded by: Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), grants Universal 408145/2016-1 and Research Productivity 310712/2014-9;Fundação de Amparo à Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado de Pernambuco (FACEPE); Center for Neuromathematics of the São Paulo Research Foundation FAPESP (grant 2013/07699-0)

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The maturation of speech structure in psychosis is resistant to formal education

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Nonpartisan Education Review

Most cited references 26

Schizophrenia: a concise overview of incidence, prevalence, and mortality.

How learning to read changes the cortical networks for vision and language.

Functional neuroimaging of speech perception in infants.

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