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      Colombia: ¿qué ha pasado con su reforma de salud? Translated title: Colombia: what has happened with its health reform?

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          Abstract

          La reforma de salud adoptada en Colombia en 1993 fue promovida por diferentes agencias como el modelo a seguir en materia de política sanitaria. Siguiendo los lineamientos del Consenso de Washington y del Banco Mundial, el Gobierno de Colombia, con el apoyo de élites políticas y económicas nacionales reorganizó la gestión de los servicios de salud con base en principios del mercado, desmontó el sistema estatal, incrementó las finanzas del sector, asignó la administración del sistema al sector privado, segmentó la prestación de los servicios y promovió la interacción de los actores en un esquema de competencia de baja regulación. Después de 20 años de implantación, el modelo colombiano evidencia serias fallas y es objeto de controversia. El Estado se debilitó como ente rector de la salud; los grupos privados que administran los recursos se configuraron como fuertes núcleos de poder económico y político, y aumentaron las vulneraciones al derecho a la salud. Adicionalmente, la corrupción y el sobrecosto de los servicios han puesto en crisis la sostenibilidad del sistema, y la red estatal se encuentra en peligro de cierre. Pese a su desprestigio en el ámbito interno, varios agentes dentro y fuera del país propenden por mantener el modelo con base en reformas coyunturales.

          Translated abstract

          The health reform adopted in Colombia in 1993 was promoted by different agencies as the model to follow in matters of health policy. Following the guidelines of the Washington Consensus and the World Bank, the Government of Colombia, with the support of national political and economic elites, reorganized the management of health services based on market principles, dismantled the state system, increased finances of the sector, assigned the management of the system to the private sector, segmented the provision of services, and promoted interaction of actors in a competitive scheme of low regulation. After 20 years of implementation, the Colombian model shows serious flaws and is an object of controversy. The Government has weakened as the governing entity for health; private groups that manage the resources were established as strong centers of economic and political power; and violations of the right to health increased. Additionally, corruption and service cost overruns have put a strain on the sustainability of the system, and the state network is in danger of closing. Despite its loss of prestige at the internal level, various actors within and outside the country tend to keep the model based on contextual reforms.

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          Malaria control reinvented: health sector reform and strategy development in Colombia.

          The consequences of health sector reforms on control of malaria were analysed using Colombia as an example. One of the most complex health sector reform programmes in Latin America took place in the 1990s; it included transferring the vertical vector-borne disease control (VBDC) programme into health systems at state and district levels. A series of studies was undertaken in 1998-2000 at the national level (Ministry of Health Study), at the state level (Departamento Study) and at the health district level (District Study) using formal and informal interviews among control staff and document analysis as data collection tools. A government-financed national training programme for VBDC staff - which included direct observation of control operations - was also used to analyse health workers' performance in the postreform period (longitudinal study). The results showed that some shortcomings of the old vertical system, such as the negative aspects of trade union activity, have not been overcome while some positive aspects of the old system, such as capacity building, operational planning and supervision have been lost. This has contributed to a decrease in control activity which, in turn, has been associated with more malaria cases. Malaria control had to be reinvented at a much larger scale than anticipated by the reformers caused by a whole series of problems: complex financing of public health interventions in the new system, massive staff reductions, the difficulty of gaining access to district and state budgets, redefining entire organizations and - in addition to the reforms - introducing alternative strategies based on insecticide-treated materials and the growth of areas of general insecurity in many parts of Colombia itself. However, positive signs in the transformed system include: the strengthening of central control staff (albeit insufficient in numbers) when transferred from the Ministry of Health to the National Institute of Health, the opportunities offered by the Basic Health Plan (PAB) for new planning initiatives and intersectoral co-operation and the integration of malaria diagnosis and treatment into the general health services (associated with a decrease of malaria mortality). The potentials of the new system have not yet been fully exploited: capacity building, communication and management skills need to be improved and it require guidance from the national level.
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            Las reformas neoliberales del sector de la salud: déficit gerencial y alienación del recurso humano en América Latina

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              La mortalidad evitable como indicador de desempeño de la política sanitaria Colombia, 1985 - 2001

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rpmesp
                Revista Peruana de Medicina Experimental y Salud Pública
                Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica
                Instituto Nacional de Salud (Lima )
                1726-4634
                October 2014
                : 31
                : 4
                : 733-739
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidad de Antioquia Colombia
                [2 ] Universidad de Antioquia Colombia
                Article
                S1726-46342014000400019
                9cdf2228-bb4d-4320-9e81-e612ed6f8811

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Categories
                Health Policy & Services

                Public health
                Health care reform, Colombia,Modernization of the public sector,Healthcare financing,Reforma de la atención de salud, Colombia,Modernización del sector público,Financiación de la atención de la salud

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