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      Response inhibition during processing of sexual stimuli in males with problematic hypersexual behavior

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          Abstract

          Background and aims

          Individuals with problematic hypersexual behavior (PHB) are unable to control their sexual cravings, regardless of other situational factors. This inability to control cravings is a common trait in patients with neurological pathologies related to response inhibition. Until recently, however, it was unclear whether individuals with PHB have decreased inhibition and altered neural responses in the brain regions associated with inhibition compared to healthy control individuals, especially in the presence of distracting sexual stimuli. In this study, we examined the neural and psychological underpinnings of inhibition in individuals with PHB.

          Methods

          Thirty individuals with PHB and 30 healthy subjects underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while performing a modified go/no-go task with neutral or sexual backgrounds used as distractors.

          Results

          Individuals with PHB showed poorer response inhibition than healthy subjects, especially when sexual distractors were present. Further, compared to healthy control subjects, individuals with PHB showed decreased activation in the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and reduced functional connectivity between the IFG and the pre-supplementary motor area (preSMA) when response inhibition was required. Finally, the reduced activation and connectivity were more pronounced in the presence of sexual distractors than in the presence of neutral distractors.

          Discussion

          These findings suggest that individuals with PHB show reduced ability to inhibit responses that might be related to lower IFG activation and IFG-preSMA connectivity during response inhibition. Our results provide insights into the neurobiological underpinnings of poor response inhibition in individuals with PHB.

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          Most cited references57

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          Factor structure of the barratt impulsiveness scale

          Jim Patton, Matthew S. Stanford, Ernest Barratt (1995)
          The purpose of the present study was to revise the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale Version 10 (BIS-10), identify the factor structure of the items among normals, and compare their scores on the revised form (BIS-11) with psychiatric inpatients and prison inmates. The scale was administered to 412 college undergraduates, 248 psychiatric inpatients, and 73 male prison inmates. Exploratory principal components analysis of the items identified six primary factors and three second-order factors. The three second-order factors were labeled Attentional Impulsiveness, Motor Impulsiveness, and Nonplanning Impulsiveness. Two of the three second-order factors identified in the BIS-11 were consistent with those proposed by Barratt (1985), but no cognitive impulsiveness component was identified per se. The results of the present study suggest that the total score of the BIS-11 is an internally consistent measure of impulsiveness and has potential clinical utility for measuring impulsiveness among selected patient and inmate populations.
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            Attentional bias in addictive behaviors: a review of its development, causes, and consequences.

            M. Field, W. Cox (2008)
            A wealth of research from the past two decades shows that addictive behaviors are characterized by attentional biases for substance-related stimuli. We review the relevant evidence and present an integration of existing theoretical models to explain the development, causes, and consequences of addiction-related attentional biases. We suggest that through classical conditioning, substance-related stimuli elicit the expectancy of substance availability, and this expectancy causes both attentional bias for substance-related stimuli and subjective craving. Furthermore, attentional bias and craving have a mutual excitatory relationship such that increases in one lead to increases in the other, a process that is likely to result in substance self-administration. Cognitive avoidance strategies, impulsivity, and impaired inhibitory control appear to influence the strength of attentional biases and subjective craving. However, some measures of attentional bias, particularly the addiction Stroop, might reflect multiple underlying processes, so results need to be interpreted cautiously. We make several predictions that require testing in future research, and we discuss implications for the treatment of addictive behaviors.
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              Functional role of the supplementary and pre-supplementary motor areas.

              Parashkev Nachev, Christopher Kennard, Masud Husain (2008)
              The supplementary motor complex consists of the supplementary motor area, the supplementary eye field and the pre-supplementary motor area. In recent years, these areas have come under increasing scrutiny from cognitive neuroscientists, motor physiologists and clinicians because they seem to be crucial for linking cognition to action. However, theories regarding their function vary widely. This Review brings together the data regarding the supplementary motor regions, highlighting outstanding issues and providing new perspectives for understanding their functions.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (publisher-id): 2006
                Title: Journal of Behavioral Addictions
                Abbreviated Title: J Behav Addict
                Publisher: Akadémiai Kiadó (Budapest )
                ISSN (Print): 2062-5871
                ISSN (Electronic): 2063-5303
                Publication date (Electronic): 07 April 2020
                Volume: 9
                Issue: 1
                Pages: 71-82
                Affiliations
                [1 ] deptDepartment of Psychology , univChungnam National University , Daejeon, 305-764, South Korea
                [2 ] deptDepartment of Rehabilitation Counseling Psychology , univSeoul Hanyoung University , Seoul, 08274, South Korea
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author. Tel.: +82 42 821 7404; fax: +82 42 821 8875. E-mail: jhsohn@ 123456cnu.ac.kr
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1062-3282
                Article
                DOI: 10.1556/2006.2020.00003
                PMC ID: 8935199
                PubMed ID: 32359232
                SO-VID: 9ce06101-3810-4c3a-aad7-492ba5a3d669
                Copyright © © 2020 The Author(s)
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution‐NonCommercial 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium for non-commercial purposes, provided the original author and source are credited, a link to the CC License is provided, and changes – if any – are indicated.

                History
                Date received : 14 July 2019
                Date revision received : 06 October 2019
                Date revision received : 13 December 2019
                Date accepted : 21 December 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 04, Tables: 03, Equations: 00, References: 57, Pages: 12
                Categories
                Subject: Full-Length Report

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Medicine,Psychology,Social & Behavioral Sciences,Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: inferior frontal gyrus,problematic hypersexual behavior,functional connectivity,functional magnetic resonance imaging,response inhibition
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Medicine, Psychology, Social & Behavioral Sciences, Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: inferior frontal gyrus, problematic hypersexual behavior, functional connectivity, functional magnetic resonance imaging, response inhibition

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