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      Preconception care policy, guidelines, recommendations and services across six European countries: Belgium (Flanders), Denmark, Italy, the Netherlands, Sweden and the United Kingdom

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          Abstract

          Preconception care is important for the screening, prevention and management of risk factors that affect pregnancy outcomes. We aimed to investigate pre-pregnancy care policies, guidelines, recommendations and services in six European countries.

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          Most cited references32

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          A life course approach to chronic disease epidemiology: conceptual models, empirical challenges and interdisciplinary perspectives.

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            Epigenetic mechanisms that underpin metabolic and cardiovascular diseases.

            Cellular commitment to a specific lineage is controlled by differential silencing of genes, which in turn depends on epigenetic processes such as DNA methylation and histone modification. During early embryogenesis, the mammalian genome is 'wiped clean' of most epigenetic modifications, which are progressively re-established during embryonic development. Thus, the epigenome of each mature cellular lineage carries the record of its developmental history. The subsequent trajectory and pattern of development are also responsive to environmental influences, and such plasticity is likely to have an epigenetic basis. Epigenetic marks may be transmitted across generations, either directly by persisting through meiosis or indirectly through replication in the next generation of the conditions in which the epigenetic change occurred. Developmental plasticity evolved to match an organism to its environment, and a mismatch between the phenotypic outcome of adaptive plasticity and the current environment increases the risk of metabolic and cardiovascular disease. These considerations point to epigenetic processes as a key mechanism that underpins the developmental origins of chronic noncommunicable disease. Here, we review the evidence that environmental influences during mammalian development lead to stable changes in the epigenome that alter the individual's susceptibility to chronic metabolic and cardiovascular disease, and discuss the clinical implications.
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              Prevention of neural tube defects: Results of the Medical Research Council Vitamin Study

              (1991)
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care
                The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care
                Informa UK Limited
                1362-5187
                1473-0782
                March 04 2015
                March 04 2015
                December 30 2014
                March 04 2015
                : 20
                : 2
                : 77-87
                Article
                10.3109/13625187.2014.990088
                25548961
                9ce0efcd-93d6-4641-bd1e-d301e68db1aa
                © 2015
                History

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