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      Sustained low-efficiency dialysis (SLED) for acute lithium intoxication

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          Abstract

          Acute lithium intoxication may cause serious neurologic and cardiac manifestations, up to the patient's death. Owing to its low molecular weight, relatively small volume of distribution close to that of total body water, and its negligible protein binding, lithium can be efficiently removed by any extracorporeal modality of renal replacement therapy (RRT). However, the shift from the intracellular to the extracellular compartment, with the inherent rebound phenomenon after the end of RRT, might limit the efficacy of the conventional, short-lasting haemodialysis. There have been no published studies up to now concerning the use of sustained low-efficiency dialysis (SLED) in lithium intoxication. This report describes a woman with a voluntary acute lithium ingestion of 40 tablets of lithium carbonate (8.12 mEq lithium each). The lithium concentration increased up to 4.18 mEq/l about 24 h after admission, notwithstanding treatment with intravenous crystalloids and gastric lavage. She developed mental status changes, oliguria, hypotension and bradycardia. We started SLED (8 h) with a blood flow of 200 ml/min and countercurrent dialysate flow of 300 ml/min. Lithium serum levels decreased by 86% during treatment, and the patient fully awoke recovering a normal mental status within the first 4 h of treatment. SLED was completed safely within the prescribed time. After the end of treatment, the rebound of lithium concentration was unremarkable. Renal function fully recovered, and the patient was transferred into a psychiatric facility 3 days after admission.

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          Lithium intoxication.

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            Sustained low-efficiency dialysis for critically ill patients requiring renal replacement therapy.

            The replacement of renal function for critically ill patients is procedurally complex and expensive, and none of the available techniques have proven superiority in terms of benefit to patient mortality. In hemodynamically unstable or severely catabolic patients, however, the continuous therapies have practical and theoretical advantages when compared with conventional intermittent hemodialysis (IHD). We present a single center experience accumulated over 18 months since July 1998 with a hybrid technique named sustained low-efficiency dialysis (SLED), in which standard IHD equipment was used with reduced dialysate and blood flow rates. Twelve-hour treatments were performed nocturnally, allowing unrestricted access to the patient for daytime procedures and tests. One hundred forty-five SLED treatments were performed in 37 critically ill patients in whom IHD had failed or been withheld. The overall mean SLED treatment duration was 10.4 hours because 51 SLED treatments were prematurely discontinued. Of these discontinuations, 11 were for intractable hypotension, and the majority of the remainder was for extracorporeal blood circuit clotting. Hemodynamic stability was maintained during most SLED treatments, allowing the achievement of prescribed ultrafiltration goals in most cases with an overall mean shortfall of only 240 mL per treatment. Direct dialysis quantification in nine patients showed a mean delivered double-pool Kt/V of 1.36 per (completed) treatment. Mean phosphate removal was 1.5 g per treatment. Mild hypophosphatemia and/or hypokalemia requiring supplementation were observed in 25 treatments. Observed hospital mortality was 62.2%, which was not significantly different from the expected mortality as determined from the APACHE II illness severity scoring system. SLED is a viable alternative to traditional continuous renal replacement therapies for critically ill patients in whom IHD has failed or been withheld, although prospective studies directly comparing two modalities are required to define the exact role for SLED in this setting.
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              Clinical manifestations and management of acute lithium intoxication.

              Acute lithium intoxication is a frequent complication of chronic lithium therapy for manic depressive disorders. Because of lithium's narrow therapeutic index and widespread use, lithium intoxication remains prevalent in 1994. This review summarizes information on the renal handling of lithium and the physiologic basis for toxicity. Recent reports that describe previously unrecognized side effects of lithium intoxication are discussed. We also present management guidelines based upon our understanding of the renal handling of lithium. In this review we compare the effectiveness of lithium removal by various dialysis methods, including bicarbonate dialysis, peritoneal dialysis and continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration. Hemodialysis remains the cornerstone for the treatment of acute lithium toxicity.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                NDT Plus
                NDT Plus
                ckj
                ndtplus
                NDT Plus
                Oxford University Press
                1753-0784
                1753-0792
                October 2008
                3 July 2008
                3 July 2008
                : 1
                : 5
                : 329-332
                Affiliations
                Dipartimento di Clinica Medica & Nefrologia, Universita’ degli Studi di Parma , Parma, Italy
                Author notes
                Correspondence and offprint requests to: Enrico Fiaccadori, Dipartimento di Clinica Medica & Nefrologia, Universita’ degli Studi di Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43100 Parma, Italy. Tel: +39 0521 702015; Fax: +39 0521 033185; E-mail: enrico.fiaccadori@ 123456unipr.it
                Article
                sfn097
                10.1093/ndtplus/sfn097
                4421258
                25983926
                9ce4aca8-b433-483f-ab5f-364bb61da64f
                © The Author [2008]. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of ERA-EDTA. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com

                History
                : 14 February 2008
                : 12 June 2008
                Categories
                Case Report

                Nephrology
                bipolar disorder,dialysis,drug toxicity,lithium,psychotropic drugs
                Nephrology
                bipolar disorder, dialysis, drug toxicity, lithium, psychotropic drugs

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