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      Immediate and follow-up results for 44 consecutive cases of small (<10 mm) internal carotid artery aneurysms treated with the pipeline embolization device

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          Abstract

          Background:

          The pipeline embolization device (PED) provides effective, durable and safe endovascular reconstruction of large and giant intracranial aneurysms. However, 80% of all cerebral aneurysms found in the general population are less than 10 mm in size. Treatment of small aneurysms (<10 mm) with flow diverters may be advantageous over endosaccular modalities that carry risks of procedural rupture during aneurysm access or coil placement.

          Methods:

          We retrospectively reviewed a prospective, single-center aneurysm database to identify all patients with small (<10 mm) internal carotid artery (ICA) aneurysms who underwent endovascular treatment using the PED. Patient demographics, aneurysm characteristics, procedural details, complications, and technical and clinical outcomes were analyzed.

          Results:

          Forty-four cases were performed in 41 patients (age range 31-78 years). PED was successfully implanted in 42 cases. A single PED was used in 37/42 (88%) cases. Mean postprocedure hospital stay was 1.7 ± 0.3 days and 98% of patients were discharged home. Major complication occurred in one patient (2.3%), who died of early subarachnoid hemorrhage. Transient neurological deficit, delayed intracerebral hemorrhage (asymptomatic), and delayed groin infection occurred in one patient each. Follow-up rate was 91.8% (45 aneurysms in 35 patients) with a mean follow-up of 4.0 ± 1.9 months. By 6 months post-PED implantation, angiographic success (complete or near complete aneurysm occlusion) was observed in 80%. Mild (<50%), asymptomatic, nonflow limiting in-stent stenosis was observed in 5.4% (2/37 cases). All the 35 patients with follow-up remained at preprocedure neurological baseline.

          Conclusion:

          Small (<10 mm) ICA aneurysm treatment with PED implantation is safe and carries a high rate of early angiographic success.

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          Most cited references35

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          Unruptured intracranial aneurysms: natural history, clinical outcome, and risks of surgical and endovascular treatment.

          The management of unruptured intracranial aneurysms is controversial. Investigators from the International Study of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms aimed to assess the natural history of unruptured intracranial aneurysms and to measure the risk associated with their repair. Centres in the USA, Canada, and Europe enrolled patients for prospective assessment of unruptured aneurysms. Investigators recorded the natural history in patients who did not have surgery, and assessed morbidity and mortality associated with repair of unruptured aneurysms by either open surgery or endovascular procedures. 4060 patients were assessed-1692 did not have aneurysmal repair, 1917 had open surgery, and 451 had endovascular procedures. 5-year cumulative rupture rates for patients who did not have a history of subarachnoid haemorrhage with aneurysms located in internal carotid artery, anterior communicating or anterior cerebral artery, or middle cerebral artery were 0%, 2. 6%, 14 5%, and 40% for aneurysms less than 7 mm, 7-12 mm, 13-24 mm, and 25 mm or greater, respectively, compared with rates of 2 5%, 14 5%, 18 4%, and 50%, respectively, for the same size categories involving posterior circulation and posterior communicating artery aneurysms. These rates were often equalled or exceeded by the risks associated with surgical or endovascular repair of comparable lesions. Patients' age was a strong predictor of surgical outcome, and the size and location of an aneurysm predict both surgical and endovascular outcomes. Many factors are involved in management of patients with unruptured intracranial aneurysms. Site, size, and group specific risks of the natural history should be compared with site, size, and age-specific risks of repair for each patient.
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            Long-term angiographic recurrences after selective endovascular treatment of aneurysms with detachable coils.

            Our aim in this study was to assess the incidence and determining factors of angiographic recurrences after endovascular treatment of aneurysms. A retrospective analysis of all patients with selective endosaccular coil occlusion of intracranial aneurysms prospectively collected from 1992 to 2002 was performed. There were 501 aneurysms in 466 patients (mean+/-SD age, 54.20+/-12.54 years; 74% female). Aneurysms were acutely ruptured (54.1%) or unruptured (45.9%). Mean+/-SD aneurysm size was 9.67+/-5.91 mm with a 4.31+/-1.97-mm neck. The most frequent sites were basilar bifurcation (27.7%) and carotid ophthalmic (18.0%) aneurysms. Recurrences were subjectively divided into minor and major (ideally necessitating re-treatment). The most significant predictors of angiographic recurrence were determined by logistic regression. These results were confirmed by chi2, t tests, or ANOVAs followed, when appropriate, by Tukey's contrasts. Short-term ( 1 year) follow-up angiograms, in 277 (55%), for a total of 383 (76.5%) followed up. Recurrences were found in 33.6% of treated aneurysms that were followed up and that appeared at a mean+/-SD time of 12.31+/-11.33 months after treatment. Major recurrences presented in 20.7% and appeared at a mean of 16.49+/-15.93 months. Three patients (0.8%) bled during a mean clinical follow-up period of 31.32+/-24.96 months. Variables determined to be significant predictors (P or =10 mm, treatment during the acute phase of rupture, incomplete initial occlusions, and duration of follow-up. Long-term monitoring of patients treated by endosaccular coiling is mandatory.
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              The pipeline embolization device for the intracranial treatment of aneurysms trial.

              Endoluminal reconstruction with flow diverting devices represents a novel constructive technique for the treatment of cerebral aneurysms. We present the results of the first prospective multicenter trial of a flow-diverting construct for the treatment of intracranial aneurysms. Patients with unruptured aneurysms that were wide-necked (> 4 mm), had unfavorable dome/neck ratios (<1.5), or had failed previous therapy were enrolled in the PITA trial between January and May 2007 at 4 (3 European and 1 South American) centers. Aneurysms were treated with the PED with or without adjunctive coil embolization. All patients underwent clinical evaluation at 30 and 180 days and conventional angiography 180 days after treatment. Angiographic results were adjudicated by an experienced neuroradiologist at a nonparticipating site. Thirty-one patients with 31 intracranial aneurysms (6 men; 42-76 years of age; average age, 54.6 years) were treated during the study period. Twenty-eight aneurysms arose from the ICA (5 cavernous, 15 parophthalmic, 4 superior hypophyseal, and 4 posterior communicating segments), 1 from the MCA, 1 from the vertebral artery, and 1 from the vertebrobasilar junction. Mean aneurysm size was 11.5 mm, and mean neck size was 5.8 mm. Twelve (38.7%) aneurysms had failed (or recurred after) a previous endovascular treatment. PED placement was technically successful in 30 of 31 patients (96.8%). Most aneurysms were treated with either 1 (n = 18) or 2 (n = 11) PEDs. Fifteen aneurysms (48.4%) were treated with a PED alone, while 16 were treated with both PED and embolization coils. Two patients experienced major periprocedural stroke. Follow-up angiography demonstrated complete aneurysm occlusion in 28 (93.3%) of the 30 patients who underwent angiographic follow-up. No significant in-construct stenosis (≥ 50%) was identified at follow-up angiography. Intracranial aneurysm treatment with the PED is technically feasible and can be achieved with a safety profile analogous to that reported for stent-supported coil embolization. PED treatment elicited a very high rate (93%) of complete angiographic occlusion at 6 months in a population of the most challenging anatomic subtypes of cerebral aneurysms.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Surg Neurol Int
                Surg Neurol Int
                SNI
                Surgical Neurology International
                Medknow Publications & Media Pvt Ltd (India )
                2229-5097
                2152-7806
                2013
                06 September 2013
                : 4
                : 114
                Affiliations
                [1]Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, 1800 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author
                Article
                SNI-4-114
                10.4103/2152-7806.117711
                3779399
                24083050
                9cfaa131-d441-4e2e-8f73-ff1c48d20a4e
                Copyright: © 2013 Lin L

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 14 April 2013
                : 07 July 2013
                Categories
                Original Article

                Surgery
                cerebral aneurysms,flow diverter,pipeline embolization device
                Surgery
                cerebral aneurysms, flow diverter, pipeline embolization device

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