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      Association of physical activity, muscular strength, and obesity indicators with self-concept in Chilean children Translated title: Asociación de indicadores de actividad física, fuerza muscular y obesidad con el autoconcepto en niños chilenos

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          Abstract

          Abstract Objectives: the present study examined the association of physical activity, muscular strength, and obesity indicators with self-concept in Chilean children. Methods: this cross-sectional study included 1078 Chilean children (mean age: 9.1 years [standard deviation: 1.1]; 598 boys). Physical activity was evaluated using the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children. Upper and lower limb strength was evaluated using a digital dynamometer and standing long jump performance, respectively. The general strength index was calculated based on z-score values. Obesity indicators used were height, weight, body mass index, and body fat. The self-concept test was used to determine the academic, social, emotional, family, physical self-concept dimensions and total self-concept of children. Results: the mean total self-concept was 3.3 (standard deviation: 0.5). Physical activity was associated with academic (β: 0.32; p = 0.03), social (β: 0.24; p = 0.04), family (β: 0.13; p = 0.01), physical (β: 0.46; p = 0.01) self-concept dimensions and total self-concept (β: 0.22; p = 0.01), regardless of sex and age. Upper limb strength and general strength index were negatively associated with academic self-concept dimensions (β: -0.02; p = 0.01 and β: -0.13; p = 0.02) and total self-concept (β: -0.04; p = 0.01). Body weight and body mass index were negatively associated with academic (β: -0.01; p = 0.01 and β: -0.01; p = 0.02) and physical self-concept dimensions (β: -0.03; p = 0.03). Conclusions: these findings suggest that physical activity is positively related with self-concept. Thus, physical activity and self-percept must be considered as an essential social cognitive perspective to provide suitable mental health in children.

          Translated abstract

          Resumen Objetivos: el presente estudio examinó la asociación de indicadores de actividad física, fuerza muscular y obesidad con el autoconcepto en niños chilenos. Métodos: este estudio transversal incluyó a 1078 niños chilenos (edad media: 9,1 años [desviación estándar: 1,1]; 598 niños). La actividad física se evaluó mediante el Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children. La fuerza de los miembros superiores e inferiores se evaluó utilizando un dinamómetro digital y el rendimiento en salto de longitud de pie. El índice de fuerza general se calculó en base a los valores de z-score. Los indicadores de obesidad utilizados fueron altura, peso, índice de masa corporal y grasa corporal. Se utilizó el test de autoconcepto para determinar las dimensiones académicas, social, emocional, familiar, físico y autoconcepto total. Resultados: la muestra total presento un autoconcepto promedio de 3,3 (desviación estándar: 0,5). La actividad física se asocio con autoconcepto académico (β: 0,32; p = 0,03), social (β: 0,24; p = 0,04), familiar (β: 0,13; p = 0,01), físico (β: 0,46; p = 0,01) y total (β: 0,22; p = 0,01). La fuerza muscular de miembros superiores y el índice general de fuerza se asociaran negativamente con al autoconcepto académico (β: -0,02; p = 0,01 y β: -0,13; p = 0,02) y total (β: -0,04; p = 0,01). Mientras que el peso corporal e índice de masa corporal se asociaron negativamente con autoconcepto académico (β: -0,01; p = 0,01 y β: -0,01; p = 0,02) y físico (β: -0,03; p = 0,03). Conclusiones: estos hallazgos sugieren que la actividad física se relaciona positivamente con el autoconcepto. Así, la actividad física y la autopercepción deben ser consideradas como una perspectiva cognitiva social imprescindible para proporcionar una adecuada salud mental en los niños.

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          Development of a WHO growth reference for school-aged children and adolescents

          OBJECTIVE: To construct growth curves for school-aged children and adolescents that accord with the WHO Child Growth Standards for preschool children and the body mass index (BMI) cut-offs for adults. METHODS: Data from the 1977 National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS)/WHO growth reference (1-24 years) were merged with data from the under-fives growth standards' cross-sectional sample (18-71 months) to smooth the transition between the two samples. State-of-the-art statistical methods used to construct the WHO Child Growth Standards (0-5 years), i.e. the Box-Cox power exponential (BCPE) method with appropriate diagnostic tools for the selection of best models, were applied to this combined sample. FINDINGS: The merged data sets resulted in a smooth transition at 5 years for height-for-age, weight-for-age and BMI-for-age. For BMI-for-age across all centiles the magnitude of the difference between the two curves at age 5 years is mostly 0.0 kg/m² to 0.1 kg/m². At 19 years, the new BMI values at +1 standard deviation (SD) are 25.4 kg/m² for boys and 25.0 kg/m² for girls. These values are equivalent to the overweight cut-off for adults (> 25.0 kg/m²). Similarly, the +2 SD value (29.7 kg/m² for both sexes) compares closely with the cut-off for obesity (> 30.0 kg/m²). CONCLUSION: The new curves are closely aligned with the WHO Child Growth Standards at 5 years, and the recommended adult cut-offs for overweight and obesity at 19 years. They fill the gap in growth curves and provide an appropriate reference for the 5 to 19 years age group.
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            Self-Concept: Validation of Construct Interpretations

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              Predictive validity of health-related fitness in youth: a systematic review.

              The objective of the present systematic review was to investigate whether physical fitness in childhood and adolescence is a predictor of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, events and syndromes, quality of life and low back pain later in life. Physical fitness-related components were: cardiorespiratory fitness, musculoskeletal fitness, motor fitness and body composition. Adiposity was considered as both exposure and outcome. The results of 42 studies reporting the predictive validity of health-related physical fitness for CVD risk factors, events and syndromes as well as the results of five studies reporting the predictive validity of physical fitness for low back pain in children and adolescents were summarised. Strong evidence was found indicating that higher levels of cardiorespiratory fitness in childhood and adolescence are associated with a healthier cardiovascular profile later in life. Muscular strength improvements from childhood to adolescence are negatively associated with changes in overall adiposity. A healthier body composition in childhood and adolescence is associated with a healthier cardiovascular profile later in life and with a lower risk of death. The evidence was moderate for the association between changes in cardiorespiratory fitness and CVD risk factors, and between cardiorespiratory fitness and the risk of developing the metabolic syndrome and arterial stiffness. Moderate evidence on the lack of a relationship between body composition and low back pain was found. Due to a limited number of studies, inconclusive evidence emerged for a relationship between muscular strength or motor fitness and CVD risk factors, and between flexibility and low back pain.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                nh
                Nutrición Hospitalaria
                Nutr. Hosp.
                Grupo Arán (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                0212-1611
                1699-5198
                October 2022
                : 39
                : 5
                : 1004-1011
                Affiliations
                [2] Talca Maule orgnameUniversidad Católica del Maule orgdiv1Grupo de Estudio en Educación, Actividad Física y Salud (GEEAFyS) orgdiv2Laboratorio de Rendimiento Humano Chile
                [6] Lisboa orgnameUniversidade de Lisboa orgdiv1ISAMB Portugal
                [3] Santiago Santiago de Chile orgnameUniversidad de Las Américas orgdiv1Instituto del Deporte Chile
                [4] Linz orgnamePädagogische Hochschule Oberösterreich orgdiv1Division of Sport, Physical Activity and Health Austria
                [5] Lisboa orgnameUniversidade de Lisboa orgdiv1Falculdade de Motricidade Humana orgdiv2CIPER Portugal
                [1] Santiago orgnameUniversidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH) orgdiv1Escuela de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, el Deporte y la Salud Chile
                Article
                S0212-16112022000800007 S0212-1611(22)03900500007
                10.20960/nh.04061
                9d0c535e-7e12-4695-a837-2ea9b58ac3ea

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 30 May 2022
                : 28 January 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 44, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Original Papers

                Obesity,Autoconcepto,Escolares,Physical activity,Physical fitness,Self-concept,Schoolchildren,Actividad física,Aptitud física,Obesidad

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