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      World Health Organization declares global emergency: A review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19)

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          Abstract

          An unprecedented outbreak of pneumonia of unknown aetiology in Wuhan City, Hubei province in China emerged in December 2019. A novel coronavirus was identified as the causative agent and was subsequently termed COVID-19 by the World Health Organization (WHO). Considered a relative of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), COVID-19 is caused by a betacoronavirus named SARS-CoV-2 that affects the lower respiratory tract and manifests as pneumonia in humans. Despite rigorous global containment and quarantine efforts, the incidence of COVID-19 continues to rise, with 90,870 laboratory-confirmed cases and over 3,000 deaths worldwide. In response to this global outbreak, we summarise the current state of knowledge surrounding COVID-19.

          Highlights

          • •

            COVID-19 outbreak has been declared a global health emergency.

          • •

            COVID-19 has infected over 85,403 people worldwide, significantly more than SARS.

          • •

            Clinical features of COVID-19 include fever, cough and dyspnoea.

          • •

            Exact pathophysiological mechanisms are still unknown due to absent animal models.

          • •

            Various countries have issued travel restrictions, contradicting the WHO's advice.

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          Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China

          Chaolin Huang, Yeming Wang, Xingwang Li … (2020)
          Summary Background A recent cluster of pneumonia cases in Wuhan, China, was caused by a novel betacoronavirus, the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). We report the epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, and radiological characteristics and treatment and clinical outcomes of these patients. Methods All patients with suspected 2019-nCoV were admitted to a designated hospital in Wuhan. We prospectively collected and analysed data on patients with laboratory-confirmed 2019-nCoV infection by real-time RT-PCR and next-generation sequencing. Data were obtained with standardised data collection forms shared by WHO and the International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection Consortium from electronic medical records. Researchers also directly communicated with patients or their families to ascertain epidemiological and symptom data. Outcomes were also compared between patients who had been admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) and those who had not. Findings By Jan 2, 2020, 41 admitted hospital patients had been identified as having laboratory-confirmed 2019-nCoV infection. Most of the infected patients were men (30 [73%] of 41); less than half had underlying diseases (13 [32%]), including diabetes (eight [20%]), hypertension (six [15%]), and cardiovascular disease (six [15%]). Median age was 49·0 years (IQR 41·0–58·0). 27 (66%) of 41 patients had been exposed to Huanan seafood market. One family cluster was found. Common symptoms at onset of illness were fever (40 [98%] of 41 patients), cough (31 [76%]), and myalgia or fatigue (18 [44%]); less common symptoms were sputum production (11 [28%] of 39), headache (three [8%] of 38), haemoptysis (two [5%] of 39), and diarrhoea (one [3%] of 38). Dyspnoea developed in 22 (55%) of 40 patients (median time from illness onset to dyspnoea 8·0 days [IQR 5·0–13·0]). 26 (63%) of 41 patients had lymphopenia. All 41 patients had pneumonia with abnormal findings on chest CT. Complications included acute respiratory distress syndrome (12 [29%]), RNAaemia (six [15%]), acute cardiac injury (five [12%]) and secondary infection (four [10%]). 13 (32%) patients were admitted to an ICU and six (15%) died. Compared with non-ICU patients, ICU patients had higher plasma levels of IL2, IL7, IL10, GSCF, IP10, MCP1, MIP1A, and TNFα. Interpretation The 2019-nCoV infection caused clusters of severe respiratory illness similar to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and was associated with ICU admission and high mortality. Major gaps in our knowledge of the origin, epidemiology, duration of human transmission, and clinical spectrum of disease need fulfilment by future studies. Funding Ministry of Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Natural Science Foundation of China, and Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission.
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            A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019

            Na Zhu, Dingyu Zhang, Wenling Wang … (2020)
            Summary In December 2019, a cluster of patients with pneumonia of unknown cause was linked to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan, China. A previously unknown betacoronavirus was discovered through the use of unbiased sequencing in samples from patients with pneumonia. Human airway epithelial cells were used to isolate a novel coronavirus, named 2019-nCoV, which formed a clade within the subgenus sarbecovirus, Orthocoronavirinae subfamily. Different from both MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV, 2019-nCoV is the seventh member of the family of coronaviruses that infect humans. Enhanced surveillance and further investigation are ongoing. (Funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China and the National Major Project for Control and Prevention of Infectious Disease in China.)
            Article 0 comments Cited 12693 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China

              Dawei Wang, Bo Hu, Fangfang Zhu … (2020)
              In December 2019, novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)-infected pneumonia (NCIP) occurred in Wuhan, China. The number of cases has increased rapidly but information on the clinical characteristics of affected patients is limited.
              Article 0 comments Cited 10770 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Niamh O'Neill
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Surg
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Surg
                Title: International Journal of Surgery (London, England)
                Publisher: IJS Publishing Group Ltd. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
                ISSN (Print): 1743-9191
                ISSN (Electronic): 1743-9159
                Publication date PMC-release: 26 February 2020
                Publication date (Print): April 2020
                Publication date (Electronic): 26 February 2020
                Volume: 76
                Pages: 71-76
                Affiliations
                [a ]Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
                [b ]UCL Medical School, University College London, United Kingdom
                [c ]GKT School of Medical Education, King's College London, United Kingdom
                [d ]Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
                Author notes
                [∗ ]Corresponding author. niamh@ 123456ijspg.com
                [1]

                CS and ZA contributed equally to the preparation of this manuscript.

                Article
                Publisher ID: S1743-9191(20)30197-7
                DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.02.034
                PMC ID: 7105032
                PubMed ID: 32112977
                SO-VID: 9d0e7628-4430-4b01-8eba-cc64c40e8505
                Copyright © © 2020 IJS Publishing Group Ltd. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
                License:

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

                History
                Date received : 3 February 2020
                Date revision received : 17 February 2020
                Date accepted : 24 February 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Surgery
                Keywords: novel coronavirus,wuhan,viral transmission,global health emergency,covid-19
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Surgery
                Keywords: novel coronavirus, wuhan, viral transmission, global health emergency, covid-19

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