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      Female genital mutilation and intimate partner violence in the Ivory Coast

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          Abstract

          Background

          Serious forms of violence against women include Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) and Intimate Partner Violence (IPV). The aim of this study was to determine if FGM is associated with IPV, using data obtained from the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) 2012 in Ivory Coast.

          Methods

          Participants for this study were drawn from the 2011-12 Ivory Coast Demographic and Health Survey (CDHS), a nationally representative sample of 10060 women aged 15 to 49 years. The analysis of this paper is restricted to the sample of women who responded to the FGM and domestic violence modules (N = 5005).

          Results

          The lifetime prevalence of physical violence was 24.8%, sexual violence, 5.7%, and emotional violence, 19.0%, and the prevalence of any lifetime IPV was 32.1%. In all, 40.6% reported female genital cutting or mutilation (FGM). Women reporting FGM were two times as likely to experience sexual IPV (AOR: 1.96, CI: 1.29-2.98), while other subtypes of IPV were higher in women reporting FGM but they were not significant. Of the socio-demographic covariates, urban residence and having a primary education were associated with most subtypes of IPV, while being a Muslim seemed protective from any type, sexual and emotional IPV. Having seen the father beating the mother was positively associated with most IPV subtypes, and having been diagnosed with a sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the previous 12 months was associated with physical and sexual IPV.

          Conclusion

          Significant rates of FGM and IPV were found among this sample of Ivorian women calling for the need for multiple strategies to reduce FGM and IPV.

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          Childhood victimization and subsequent adult revictimization assessed in a nationally representative sample of women and men.

          Ileana Arias, Kathleen C. Basile, Sima Desai … (2002)
          The purpose of this study was to identify whether experiences of childhood physical and/or sexual victimization would increase women's and men's risk for victimization in adulthood by different perpetrators (any perpetrator regardless of the relationship to the victim; intimate partner perpetrator; non-intimate perpetrator) using a nationally representative sample. Results of hierarchical logistic regression analyses indicated that childhood victimization increased the risk for adulthood victimization by any perpetrator for men and women, and by an intimate partner for women but not men. Female and male victims of physical and/or sexual child abuse are at higher risk for adult victimization by non-intimate perpetrators. These results suggest the appropriateness of interventions among adults or young adults who have been victims of child abuse, to prevent any future victimization in adulthood. To guide the development of such prevention programs, research is needed to identify factors that affect the probability of adulthood victimization among child abuse victims.
          Article 0 comments Cited 86 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Child sexual abuse, links to later sexual exploitation/high-risk sexual behavior, and prevention/treatment programs.

            Rosaleen McElvaney, Maeve K Lalor (2010)
            This paper reviews the literature on the nature and incidence of child sexual abuse, explores the link between child sexual abuse and later sexual exploitation, and reviews the literature on prevention strategies and effective interventions in child sexual abuse services. Our understanding of the international epidemiology of child sexual abuse is considerably greater than it was just 10 years ago, and studies from around the world are examined. Childhood sexual abuse can involve a wide number of psychological sequelae, including low self-esteem, anxiety, and depression. Numerous studies have noted that child sexual abuse victims are vulnerable to later sexual revictimization, as well as the link between child sexual abuse and later engagement in high-risk sexual behaviour. Survivors of child sexual abuse are more likely to have multiple sex partners, become pregnant as teenagers, and experience sexual assault as adults. Various models which attempt to account for this inter-relationship are presented; most invoke mediating variables such as low self-esteem, drug/alcohol use, PTSD and distorted sexual development. Prevention strategies for child sexual abuse are examined including media campaigns, school-based prevention programmes, and therapy with abusers. The results of a number of meta-analyses are examined. However, researchers have identified significant methodological limitations in the extant research literature that impede the making of recommendations for implementing existing therapeutic programmes unreservedly.
            Article 0 comments Cited 63 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              A further look at the intergenerational transmission of violence: witnessing interparental violence in emerging adulthood.

              Jennifer Unger, Steve Sussman, Aaron D. Black (2010)
              The intergenerational transmission (IGT) of violence has been a main the oretical consideration to explain the link between interparental aggression in the family of origin and intimate partner violence (IPV) in subsequent intimate relationships. Studies have examined this theoretical link based on self reports of interparental violence witnessed during childhood and adolescence. However, no study has examined whether emerging adults who currently witness interparental violence are more likely to exhibit violence in their own intimate relationships. Data were analyzed from undergraduate students (N = 223) attending an ethnically diverse Southern California uni versity. Multivariate linear regression analyses were used to examine the impact of witnessing interparental violence on the physical and psycho logical IPV experienced in emerging adult relationships. The joint effects of witnessing both forms of interparental violence were also tested. Support for the intergenerational transmission of violence was identified for specific types of violence. Future directions of study and implications for prevention and treatment are offered.
              Article 0 comments Cited 58 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): BMC Womens Health
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): BMC Womens Health
                Title: BMC Women's Health
                Publisher: BioMed Central
                ISSN (Electronic): 1472-6874
                Publication date Collection: 2014
                Publication date (Electronic): 22 January 2014
                Volume: 14
                Page: 13
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ASEAN Institute for Health Development, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phutthamonthon 73170, Thailand
                [2 ]Department of Psychology, University of Limpopo, Turfloop Campus, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa
                [3 ]HIV/AIDS, STIs and TB (HAST), Human Sciences Research Council, Private Bag X41, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
                Article
                Publisher ID: 1472-6874-14-13
                DOI: 10.1186/1472-6874-14-13
                PMC ID: 3900257
                PubMed ID: 24451017
                SO-VID: 9d140e57-bd09-464f-9bce-079d79fbc066
                Copyright © Copyright © 2014 Peltzer and Pengpid; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                Date received : 5 November 2013
                Date accepted : 22 January 2014
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Obstetrics & Gynecology
                Keywords: risk factors,female genital mutilation,women,ivory coast,intimate partner violence
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Obstetrics & Gynecology
                Keywords: risk factors, female genital mutilation, women, ivory coast, intimate partner violence

                Comments

                added an editorial note to Global Health Next Generation Network

                This study offers very interesting results about IPV and addresses several risk factors. Interestingly, FGM was found to be only partially associated with IPV and that only sexual violence was significantly associated with FGM. It can be learned more about the influence of socio-demographic factors regarding FGM and IPV and that there is a strong need for strategies to reduce FGM and IPV.

                2015-06-11 15:00 UTC
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