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      Wound Healing Properties of Selected Natural Products

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          Abstract

          Wound healing is a complex process of recovering the forms and functions of injured tissues. The process is tightly regulated by multiple growth factors and cytokines released at the wound site. Any alterations that disrupt the healing processes would worsen the tissue damage and prolong repair process. Various conditions may contribute to impaired wound healing, including infections, underlying diseases and medications. Numerous studies on the potential of natural products with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial and pro-collagen synthesis properties as wound healing agents have been performed. Their medicinal properties can be contributed by the content of bioactive phytochemical constituents such as alkaloids, essential oils, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and phenolic compounds in the natural products. This review highlights the in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies on wound healing promotions by the selected natural products and the mechanisms involved.

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          Most cited references117

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          ROS as signalling molecules: mechanisms that generate specificity in ROS homeostasis.

          Benoît D'Autréaux, Michel B Toledano (2007)
          Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been shown to be toxic but also function as signalling molecules. This biological paradox underlies mechanisms that are important for the integrity and fitness of living organisms and their ageing. The pathways that regulate ROS homeostasis are crucial for mitigating the toxicity of ROS and provide strong evidence about specificity in ROS signalling. By taking advantage of the chemistry of ROS, highly specific mechanisms have evolved that form the basis of oxidant scavenging and ROS signalling systems.
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            Pathophysiology of acute wound healing.

            Jie Li, Juan Chen, Robert Kirsner (2007)
            Wound healing is a complex process that can be divided into at least 3 continuous and overlapping processes: an inflammatory reaction, a proliferative process leading to tissue restoration, and, eventually, tissue remodeling. Wound healing processes are strictly regulated by multiple growth factors and cytokines released at the wound site. Although the desirable final result of coordinated healing would be the formation of tissue with a similar structure and comparable functions as with intact skin, regeneration is uncommon (with notable exceptions such as early fetal healing); healing however results in a structurally and functionally satisfactory but not identical outcome. Alterations that disrupt controlled healing processes would extend tissue damage and repair. The pathobiologic states may lead to chronic or nonhealing wounds or excessive fibrosis.
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              Pharmacology of Curcuma longa.

              H P Ammon, M A Wahl (1991)
              The data reviewed indicate that extracts of Curcuma longa exhibit anti-inflammatory activity after parenteral application in standard animal models used for testing anti-inflammatory activity. It turned out that curcumin and the volatile oil are at least in part responsible for this action. It appears that when given orally, curcumin is far less active than after i.p. administration. This may be due to poor absorption, as discussed. Data on histamine-induced ulcers are controversial, and studies on the secretory activity (HCl, pepsinogen) are still lacking. In vitro, curcumin exhibited antispasmodic activity. Since there was a protective effect of extracts of Curcuma longa on the liver and a stimulation of bile secretion in animals, Curcuma longa has been advocated for use in liver disorders. Evidence for an effect on liver disease in humans is not yet available. From the facts that after oral application only traces of curcumin were found in the blood and that, on the other hand, most of the curcumin is excreted via the faeces it may be concluded that curcumin is absorbed poorly by the gastrointestinal tract and/or underlies presystemic transformation. Systemic effects therefore seem to be questionable after oral application except that they occur at very low concentrations of curcumin. This does not exclude a local action in the gastrointestinal tract.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Environ Res Public Health
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Environ Res Public Health
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ijerph
                Title: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Print): 1661-7827
                ISSN (Electronic): 1660-4601
                Publication date (Electronic): 25 October 2018
                Publication date (Print): November 2018
                Volume: 15
                Issue: 11
                Electronic Location Identifier: 2360
                Affiliations
                Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; nurulizzah88@ 123456gmail.com (N.I.I.); jocylnwsk@ 123456gmail.com (S.K.W.); isanaina@ 123456yahoo.co.uk (I.N.M.); azlina@ 123456ppukm.ukm.edu.my (N.M.); gabrielchinky@ 123456gmail.com (K.-Y.C.); imasoel@ 123456ppukm.ukm.edu.my (S.I.-N.)
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: anazrun@ 123456yahoo.com ; Tel.: +60-3-9145-9576
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1184-4551
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2480-0224
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6628-1552
                Article
                Publisher ID: ijerph-15-02360
                DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15112360
                PMC ID: 6266783
                PubMed ID: 30366427
                SO-VID: 9d19d973-2346-44bf-a6c6-1db760fee4e7
                Copyright © © 2018 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 23 September 2018
                Date accepted : 19 October 2018
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Public health
                Keywords: antibacterial,anti-inflammatory,antioxidant,collagen,polyphenols,skin
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Public health
                Keywords: antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, collagen, polyphenols, skin

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