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      Hydrological drought explained : Hydrological drought explained

      Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water
      Wiley-Blackwell

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          Potential impacts of a warming climate on water availability in snow-dominated regions.

          All currently available climate models predict a near-surface warming trend under the influence of rising levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. In addition to the direct effects on climate--for example, on the frequency of heatwaves--this increase in surface temperatures has important consequences for the hydrological cycle, particularly in regions where water supply is currently dominated by melting snow or ice. In a warmer world, less winter precipitation falls as snow and the melting of winter snow occurs earlier in spring. Even without any changes in precipitation intensity, both of these effects lead to a shift in peak river runoff to winter and early spring, away from summer and autumn when demand is highest. Where storage capacities are not sufficient, much of the winter runoff will immediately be lost to the oceans. With more than one-sixth of the Earth's population relying on glaciers and seasonal snow packs for their water supply, the consequences of these hydrological changes for future water availability--predicted with high confidence and already diagnosed in some regions--are likely to be severe.
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            FLUXNET: A New Tool to Study the Temporal and Spatial Variability of Ecosystem–Scale Carbon Dioxide, Water Vapor, and Energy Flux Densities

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              GRACE measurements of mass variability in the Earth system.

              Monthly gravity field estimates made by the twin Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellites have a geoid height accuracy of 2 to 3 millimeters at a spatial resolution as small as 400 kilometers. The annual cycle in the geoid variations, up to 10 millimeters in some regions, peaked predominantly in the spring and fall seasons. Geoid variations observed over South America that can be largely attributed to surface water and groundwater changes show a clear separation between the large Amazon watershed and the smaller watersheds to the north. Such observations will help hydrologists to connect processes at traditional length scales (tens of kilometers or less) to those at regional and global scales.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water
                WIREs Water
                Wiley-Blackwell
                20491948
                July 2015
                July 2015
                : 2
                : 4
                : 359-392
                Article
                10.1002/wat2.1085
                9d2674ff-820a-4b61-aa2c-4f18d77a56d1
                © 2015

                http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1

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