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      Interaction of Gut Microbiota with Bile Acid Metabolism and its Influence on Disease States

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          Abstract

          Primary bile acids serve important roles in cholesterol metabolism, lipid digestion, host-microbe interactions, and regulatory pathways in the human host. While most bile acids are reabsorbed and recycled via enterohepatic cycling, ~5% serve as substrates for bacterial biotransformation in the colon. Enzymes involved in various transformations have been characterized from cultured gut bacteria and reveal taxa-specific distribution. More recently, bioinformatic approaches have revealed greater diversity in isoforms of these enzymes, and the microbial species in which they are found. Thus, the functional roles played by the bile acid-transforming gut microbiota and the distribution of resulting secondary bile acids, in the bile acid pool, may be profoundly affected by microbial community structure and function. Bile acids and the composition of the bile acid pool have historically been hypothesized to be associated with several disease states, including recurrent Clostridium difficile infection, inflammatory bowel diseases, metabolic syndrome, and several cancers. Recently, however, emphasis has been placed on how microbial communities in the dysbiotic gut may alter the bile acid pool to potentially cause or mitigate disease onset. This review highlights the current understanding of the interactions between the gut microbial community, bile acid biotransformation, and disease states, and addresses future directions to better understand these complex associations.

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          Author and article information

          Journal
          8406612
          1580
          Appl Microbiol Biotechnol
          Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol.
          Applied microbiology and biotechnology
          0175-7598
          1432-0614
          30 November 2016
          25 November 2016
          January 2017
          01 January 2018
          : 101
          : 1
          : 47-64
          Affiliations
          [1 ]BioTechnology Institute, Center for Immunology University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
          [2 ]Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
          [3 ]Department of Soil, Water and Climate, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
          Author notes
          [* ]Correspondence: Michael J. Sadowsky, 1479 Gortner Ave., 140 Gortner Labs, St. Paul, MN 5508; ; Phone: 612-624-2706
          Article
          PMC5203956 PMC5203956 5203956 nihpa832445
          10.1007/s00253-016-8006-6
          5203956
          27888332
          9d2bf16c-33ee-4f1d-b417-790c625f2d62
          History
          Categories
          Article

          dysbiosis,Bile acids,microbial metabolism,host-interactions, C. difficile

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