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      Dental Care for a Child with Congenital Hydrocephalus: A Case Report with 12-Month Follow-Up

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          Abstract

          Hydrocephalus affects the central nervous system as a result of progressive ventricular dilatation from the accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain’s lateral ventricles. This paper reports on the oral characteristics of a child with congenital hydrocephalus, discusses her complex dental care needs, and presents dental management of this case. Despite the complex and challenging dental needs, this child received dental treatment in a chairside approach without general anesthesia. A thorough knowledge of the patient’s medical condition, together with expert clinical skills, was indispensable for managing the child and improving the quality and length of her life.

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          Most cited references35

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          Hydrocephalus in children.

          Hydrocephalus is a common disorder of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) physiology resulting in abnormal expansion of the cerebral ventricles. Infants commonly present with progressive macrocephaly whereas children older than 2 years generally present with signs and symptoms of intracranial hypertension. The classic understanding of hydrocephalus as the result of obstruction to bulk flow of CSF is evolving to models that incorporate dysfunctional cerebral pulsations, brain compliance, and newly characterised water-transport mechanisms. Hydrocephalus has many causes. Congenital hydrocephalus, most commonly involving aqueduct stenosis, has been linked to genes that regulate brain growth and development. Hydrocephalus can also be acquired, mostly from pathological processes that affect ventricular outflow, subarachnoid space function, or cerebral venous compliance. Treatment options include shunt and endoscopic approaches, which should be individualised to the child. The long-term outcome for children that have received treatment for hydrocephalus varies. Advances in brain imaging, technology, and understanding of the pathophysiology should ultimately lead to improved treatment of the disorder.
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            Infantile hydrocephalus: a review of epidemiology, classification and causes.

            Hydrocephalus is a common but complex condition caused by physical or functional obstruction of CSF flow that leads to progressive ventricular dilatation. Though hydrocephalus was recently estimated to affect 1.1 in 1000 infants, there have been few systematic assessments of the causes of hydrocephalus in this age group, which makes it a challenging condition to approach as a scientist or as a clinician. Here, we review contemporary literature on the epidemiology, classification and pathogenesis of infantile hydrocephalus. We describe the major environmental and genetic causes of hydrocephalus, with the goal of providing a framework to assess infants with hydrocephalus and guide future research.
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              The genetic landscape of familial congenital hydrocephalus: Congenital Hydrocephalus

              Congenital hydrocephalus is an important birth defect, the genetics of which remains incompletely understood. To date, only 4 genes are known to cause Mendelian diseases in which congenital hydrocephalus is the main or sole clinical feature, 2 X-linked (L1CAM and AP1S2) and 2 autosomal recessive (CCDC88C and MPDZ). In this study, we aimed to determine the genetic etiology of familial congenital hydrocephalus with the assumption that these cases represent Mendelian forms of the disease.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Int J Environ Res Public Health
                Int J Environ Res Public Health
                ijerph
                International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
                MDPI
                1661-7827
                1660-4601
                29 January 2021
                February 2021
                : 18
                : 3
                : 1209
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Pediatric Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Damascus University, Al-Mazzeh St., Damascus P.O. Box 3062, Syria; Firedragoon1994@ 123456hotmail.com (Y.A.T.); shazako@ 123456yahoo.com (C.K.)
                [2 ]Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, College of Dentistry, Damascus University, Al-Mazzeh St., Damascus P.O. Box 3062, Syria; Dr.thuraya1979@ 123456gmail.com (T.L.); tamerabbara@ 123456gmail.com (M.T.A.)
                [3 ]Department of Preventive Dental Science Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W2, Canada; saffana.jbara@ 123456umanitoba.ca
                Author notes
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5498-9991
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0071-9141
                Article
                ijerph-18-01209
                10.3390/ijerph18031209
                7908211
                33572890
                9d4f5616-2c1d-4680-9e0a-f8a8e9d8c51a
                © 2021 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 02 January 2021
                : 25 January 2021
                Categories
                Case Report

                Public health
                hydrocephalus,dental care for the chronically ill,facial asymmetry,tooth diseases,oral health,dental care for the disabled,child

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