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      Authors' Reply to: Kruger SJ, Vanderveen DK, Freedman SF, Bothun E, Drews-Botsch CD, and Lambert SR. Third-Party Coverage for Aphakic Contact Lenses for Children

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          Abstract

          We are pleased to read the comments from the Infant Aphakia Study Group and give our thanks to Kruger et al.1 for their insights. After cataract removal in infants, proper optical rehabilitation is a critical procedure for improvement of visual outcomes. There are usually two means to treat aphakia, one is wearing contact lenses and another is wearing spectacles.2,3 Wearing contact lenses has had good adherence4 and much better than spectacles,1 such that the contact lenses were worn about double the time of spectacles by infants less than 12 months old. At our hospital, although the parents/legal guardians were told that contact lenses are more suitable for aphakic infants than spectacles, most of them still chose spectacles. Based on our experience in clinical practice, the potential factors for not choosing contact lenses include extra lens care procedures and worry about the risks of corneal infections; the high cost of contact lenses also is a major barrier. Despite these barriers, measures should be taken to make contact lenses the first choice for aphakic infants, especially for those with unilateral aphakia. We agree that third-party payment for the contact lenses would be a good idea, but it needs great effort and time to put such a procedure into practice in many developing countries. Fortunately, the low adherence1 or wearing compliance5 with spectacles in aphakic infants has now been noted and reported. For those bilateral aphakic infants who must wear spectacles rather than contact lenses, the importance of compliance should be emphasized to their caregivers. They should be told to pay close attention to it, and to take appropriate measures, such as choosing soft frames, to ensure the optical correction is well executed.5

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          Optical Correction of Aphakia in Children

          There are several reasons for which the correction of aphakia differs between children and adults. First, a child's eye is still growing during the first few years of life and during early childhood, the refractive elements of the eye undergo radical changes. Second, the immature visual system in young children puts them at risk of developing amblyopia if visual input is defocused or unequal between the two eyes. Third, the incidence of many complications, in which certain risks are acceptable in adults, is unacceptable in children. The optical correction of aphakia in children has changed dramatically however, accurate optical rehabilitation and postoperative supervision in pediatric cases is more difficult than adults. Treatment and optical rehabilitation in pediatric aphakic patients remains a challenge for ophthalmologists. The aim of this review is to cover issues regarding optical correction of pediatric aphakia in children; kinds of optical correction , indications, timing of intraocular lens (IOL) implantation, types of IOLs, site of implantation, IOL power calculations and selection, complications of IOL implantation in pediatric patients and finally to determine the preferred choice of optical correction. However treatment of pediatric aphakia is one step on the long road to visual rehabilitation, not the end of the journey.
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            Visual Rehabilitation in Pediatric Aphakia.

            The management of childhood cataract begins at the initial contact with the family and typically extends far into the child's future. Decisions affecting long-term care and visual outcomes are often made in these initial preoperative encounters. Treatment will vary depending on whether the cataract is unilateral or bilateral and whether it is infantile onset or later. Thorough discussion of the treatment options is needed, especially with description of the life-long management issues for the child. Visual outcomes will vary, with the best visual acuity results being observed in older children with bilateral cataracts. Visual rehabilitation of children with unilateral cataract requires use of a contact lens or an intraocular lens (IOL) for the best result with a chance for binocularity. Only about 50% of eyes with unilateral infantile cataract will develop vision of better than 20/200. For bilateral cataracts, both contacts and IOLs can be used, as well as aphakic glasses. Excellent visual outcomes are typical unless glaucoma develops, which occurs in up to 30% of cases. Cataract surgery after 1 year of age is associated with substantially better visual outcomes. The use of an IOL is most commonly accepted and performed for cataract in one or both eyes after 1 year of age. Prior to 1 year of age, significantly more secondary surgical procedures are required to manage opacification of the optical axis with the use of an IOL compared with the use of surgery and contact lens correction. Amblyopia therapy for unilateral cataract needs be continuous from the time of surgery until at least 8 years of age. It is often difficult to perform this therapy over such a long time period, with compliance with less than 30% of prescribed time during infancy at 5 years after surgery.
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              Prevalence and Determinants Associated With Spectacle-Wear Compliance in Aphakic Infants

              Purpose We assess the prevalence of spectacle wear and the factors associated with compliance among aphakic infants with congenital cataracts who underwent lens extraction in South China. Methods Infants aged 3 months to 3 years were enrolled from among participants in the Childhood Cataract Program of the Chinese Ministry of Health (CCPMOH). The prevalence and potential determinants of spectacle-wearing compliance were identified from interviews with the infants' caregivers. Results Among 192 infant caregivers, the mean (SD) age of the infants was 1.89 (0.50) years, and 57% were males. Compliance was 30.9% in the 3-month- to 1-year-old age group, 78.0% in the 1- to 2-year-old age group, and 87.0% in the 2- to 3-year-old age group. The following two factors were associated with spectacle-wearing compliance: softness of the spectacles frame (β = 1.273, P = 0.002, odds ratio [OR] = 3.6, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.6–8.0) and communication with other caregivers regarding the spectacle-wearing experience (β = −2.955, P = 0.034, OR = 0.1, 95% CI = 0–0.8). Conclusions Compliance with spectacle wear was low during the earlier stage, but increased with time in aphakic infants. However, overall compliance should be improved. Therefore, efficient strategies aimed at improving spectacle-wearing compliance are needed. Translational Relevance These findings reveal the low spectacle-wearing compliance in aphakic infants and support useful information to improve compliance.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Transl Vis Sci Technol
                Transl Vis Sci Technol
                tvst
                Transl Vis Sci Technol
                TVST
                Translational Vision Science & Technology
                The Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology
                2164-2591
                May 2019
                14 June 2019
                : 8
                : 3
                : 42
                Affiliations
                [1 ]State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, People's Republic of China
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Haotian Lin, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Xian Lie South Road 54#, Guangzhou, China, 510060. e-mail: haot.lin@ 123456hotmail.com
                Article
                tvst-08-03-28 TVST-19-1512
                10.1167/tvst.8.3.42
                6574196
                9d51e5a9-4dce-473e-988b-5c3c821d9bdb
                Copyright 2019 The Authors

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 20 March 2019
                : 4 April 2019
                Categories
                Author Response to Letter
                Custom metadata
                Citation: Cao Q, Li X, Lin H, CCPMOH Group.

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