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      Antimicrobial activity of untypical lipid compounds in the cuticular and internal lipids of four fly species

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          Antibacterial free fatty acids: activities, mechanisms of action and biotechnological potential.

          Amongst the diverse and potent biological activities of free fatty acids (FFAs) is the ability to kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria. The antibacterial properties of FFAs are used by many organisms to defend against parasitic or pathogenic bacteria. Whilst their antibacterial mode of action is still poorly understood, the prime target of FFA action is the cell membrane, where FFAs disrupt the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation. Besides interfering with cellular energy production, FFA action may also result from the inhibition of enzyme activity, impairment of nutrient uptake, generation of peroxidation and auto-oxidation degradation products or direct lysis of bacterial cells. Their broad spectrum of activity, non-specific mode of action and safety makes them attractive as antibacterial agents for various applications in medicine, agriculture and food preservation, especially where the use of conventional antibiotics is undesirable or prohibited. Moreover, the evolution of inducible FFA-resistant phenotypes is less problematic than with conventional antibiotics. The potential for commercial or biomedical exploitation of antibacterial FFAs, especially for those from natural sources, is discussed.
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            Insect fat body: energy, metabolism, and regulation.

            The fat body plays major roles in the life of insects. It is a dynamic tissue involved in multiple metabolic functions. One of these functions is to store and release energy in response to the energy demands of the insect. Insects store energy reserves in the form of glycogen and triglycerides in the adipocytes, the main fat body cell. Insect adipocytes can store a great amount of lipid reserves as cytoplasmic lipid droplets. Lipid metabolism is essential for growth and reproduction and provides energy needed during extended nonfeeding periods. This review focuses on energy storage and release and summarizes current understanding of the mechanisms underlying these processes in insects.
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              Botanical origin and chemical composition of Brazilian propolis.

              Brazilian propolis has been classified into 12 groups based on physicochemical characteristics: five in the southern Brazil group (group 3), one in the southeastern Brazil group (group 12), and six in the northeastern Brazil group (group 6). The plant origins of these groups were investigated using reversed-phase high-performance thin-layer chromatography (RPHPTLC), reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RPHPLC), and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). It was concluded that the origins of propolis group 3, group 6, and group 12 are resins of the poplar tree, Hyptis divaricata, and Baccharis dracunculifolia, respectively.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                JAM
                Journal of Applied Microbiology
                J Appl Microbiol
                Wiley
                13645072
                February 2014
                February 2014
                November 18 2013
                : 116
                : 2
                : 269-287
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Institute for Environmental and Human Health Protection; University of Gdańsk; Gdańsk Poland
                [2 ]Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology; University of Gdańsk; Gdańsk Poland
                [3 ]Faculty of Pharmacy; Medical University of Gdańsk; Gdańsk Poland
                [4 ]Institute of Parasitology; Polish Academy of Sciences; Warsaw Poland
                [5 ]Institute of Plant Protection; Poznań Poland
                Article
                10.1111/jam.12370
                24238211
                9d563a4d-5c2c-42e6-8bb8-09408ac8db6e
                © 2013

                http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1

                http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor

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