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      Guidelines on controlling latent tuberculosis infection to support tuberculosis elimination Translated title: Directrices sobre el control de la infección tuberculosa latente para apoyar la eliminación de la tuberculosis

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          Abstract

          Objectives

          Latent TB infection (LTBI) affects 25% of the world’s population. As long as this reservoir exists, the elimination of TB will not be feasible. The Assembly of the World Health Organization adopted the “Global End TB” strategy for the elimination of TB in 2014. The objective of this review is to present strategies for risk groups that are candidates for the detection and treatment of LTBI.

          Material and method

          There is sufficient evidence of screening in: immunocompromised people (HIV-infected, biological therapies, alternative renal therapy, organ transplantation), recent immigrants, inmates in prison, people injecting drugs and homeless people, and workers from at-risk settings. Tests to diagnose LTBI include tuberculin skin test (TST) and gamma release assay interferon (IGRA). There is no reference test and the choice of one or the other will depend on logistical considerations, such as avoiding injection (TST) or not needing a second visit (IGRA). Treatment of LTBI is based on the use of isoniazide and rifampicin in short period of 3 or 4 months, using associations of rifampicin and isoniazide or rifampicin alone.

          Discussion

          Given the estimated high prevalence of LTBI, renewed efforts are required to reduce the number of people with LTBI that includes a registration and monitoring system to observer progress, increased testing, and the use of short treatment guidelines.

          Resumen

          Objetivos

          La infección tuberculosa latente (ITL) afecta al 25% de la población mundial. Mientras exista este reservorio, la eliminación de la tuberculosis (TB) no será factible. La asamblea de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) adoptó en el año 2014 la estrategia mundial para la eliminación de la tuberculosis (Global End TB). El objetivo de esta revisión es presentar las estrategias para los grupos de riesgo que son candidatos a la detección y el tratamiento de la ITL.

          Material y método

          Existe suficiente evidencia de la rentabilidad del cribado en: personas inmunodeprimidas (infectadas por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana, terapias biológicas, terapia renal sustitutiva, trasplante de órganos), inmigrantes recientes, internos en prisión, personas que se inyectan drogas y personas sin techo, y trabajadores de entornos de riesgo. Las pruebas para diagnosticar la ITL incluyen la prueba de la tuberculina (PT) y el interferón gamma release assay (IGRA). No existe una prueba de referencia y la elección de una u otra técnica dependerá de consideraciones de tipo logístico, como evitar la venopunción (PT) o el hecho de no necesitar una segunda visita (IGRA). El tratamiento de ITL se basa en el uso de isoniacida y rifampicina en pautas cortas de 3-4 meses, con rifampicina e isoniacida o rifampicina sola.

          Discusión

          Dada la alta prevalencia estimada de ITL, se requieren renovar esfuerzos para reducir el número de personas con dicha enfermedad que incluya un sistema de registro y vigilancia para supervisar los progresos, el aumento de las pruebas y el uso de directrices de tratamiento cortos.

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          Most cited references22

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          WHO's new end TB strategy.

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            Guidelines for the Treatment of Latent Tuberculosis Infection: Recommendations from the National Tuberculosis Controllers Association and CDC, 2020

            Summary Comprehensive guidelines for treatment of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) among persons living in the United States were last published in 2000 (American Thoracic Society. CDC targeted tuberculin testing and treatment of latent tuberculosis infection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000;161:S221–47). Since then, several new regimens have been evaluated in clinical trials. To update previous guidelines, the National Tuberculosis Controllers Association (NTCA) and CDC convened a committee to conduct a systematic literature review and make new recommendations for the most effective and least toxic regimens for treatment of LTBI among persons who live in the United States. The systematic literature review included clinical trials of regimens to treat LTBI. Quality of evidence (high, moderate, low, or very low) from clinical trial comparisons was appraised using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) criteria. In addition, a network meta-analysis evaluated regimens that had not been compared directly in clinical trials. The effectiveness outcome was tuberculosis disease; the toxicity outcome was hepatotoxicity. Strong GRADE recommendations required at least moderate evidence of effectiveness and that the desirable consequences outweighed the undesirable consequences in the majority of patients. Conditional GRADE recommendations were made when determination of whether desirable consequences outweighed undesirable consequences was uncertain (e.g., with low-quality evidence). These updated 2020 LTBI treatment guidelines include the NTCA- and CDC-recommended treatment regimens that comprise three preferred rifamycin-based regimens and two alternative monotherapy regimens with daily isoniazid. All recommended treatment regimens are intended for persons infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis that is presumed to be susceptible to isoniazid or rifampin. These updated guidelines do not apply when evidence is available that the infecting M. tuberculosis strain is resistant to both isoniazid and rifampin; recommendations for treating contacts exposed to multidrug-resistant tuberculosis were published in 2019 (Nahid P, Mase SR Migliori GB, et al. Treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis. An official ATS/CDC/ERS/IDSA clinical practice guideline. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019;200:e93–e142). The three rifamycin-based preferred regimens are 3 months of once-weekly isoniazid plus rifapentine, 4 months of daily rifampin, or 3 months of daily isoniazid plus rifampin. Prescribing providers or pharmacists who are unfamiliar with rifampin and rifapentine might confuse the two drugs. They are not interchangeable, and caution should be taken to ensure that patients receive the correct medication for the intended regimen. Preference for these rifamycin-based regimens was made on the basis of effectiveness, safety, and high treatment completion rates. The two alternative treatment regimens are daily isoniazid for 6 or 9 months; isoniazid monotherapy is efficacious but has higher toxicity risk and lower treatment completion rates than shorter rifamycin-based regimens. In summary, short-course (3- to 4-month) rifamycin-based treatment regimens are preferred over longer-course (6–9 month) isoniazid monotherapy for treatment of LTBI. These updated guidelines can be used by clinicians, public health officials, policymakers, health care organizations, and other state and local stakeholders who might need to adapt them to fit individual clinical circumstances.
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              Management of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection: WHO guidelines for low tuberculosis burden countries

              Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is characterised by the presence of immune responses to previously acquired Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection without clinical evidence of active tuberculosis (TB). Here we report evidence-based guidelines from the World Health Organization for a public health approach to the management of LTBI in high risk individuals in countries with high or middle upper income and TB incidence of <100 per 100 000 per year. The guidelines strongly recommend systematic testing and treatment of LTBI in people living with HIV, adult and child contacts of pulmonary TB cases, patients initiating anti-tumour necrosis factor treatment, patients receiving dialysis, patients preparing for organ or haematological transplantation, and patients with silicosis. In prisoners, healthcare workers, immigrants from high TB burden countries, homeless persons and illicit drug users, systematic testing and treatment of LTBI is conditionally recommended, according to TB epidemiology and resource availability. Either commercial interferon-gamma release assays or Mantoux tuberculin skin testing could be used to test for LTBI. Chest radiography should be performed before LTBI treatment to rule out active TB disease. Recommended treatment regimens for LTBI include: 6 or 9 month isoniazid; 12 week rifapentine plus isoniazid; 3–4 month isoniazid plus rifampicin; or 3–4 month rifampicin alone.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Rev Esp Sanid Penit
                Rev Esp Sanid Penit
                sanipe
                Revista Española de Sanidad Penitenciaria
                Sociedad Española de Sanidad Penitenciaria
                1575-0620
                2013-6463
                Jan-Apr 2021
                31 March 2021
                : 23
                : 1
                : 28-36
                Affiliations
                [1 ] originalPublic Health Emergencies Epidemiological Monitoring and Response Service in Lleida and Alto Pirineo and Aran. Public Health Agency of Catalonia. Department of Health. Biomedical Research Centre Network of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP). Carlos III Health Institute. Lleida Biomedical Research Institute (IRBLleida). orgnamePublic Health Agency of Catalonia. Department of Health. Barcelona, Spain
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Pere Godoy. E-mail: pere.godoy@ 123456gencat.cat
                Article
                10.18176/resp.00028
                8278168
                33847703
                9d5b612a-edeb-4efe-a5f2-143f14950b56

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License

                History
                : 24 December 2020
                : 08 January 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 5, Equations: 0, References: 20, Pages: 09
                Funding
                Funded by: Ministry of Science and Innovation
                Funded by: Institute of Health Carlos III
                Funded by: European Regional Development Fund (ERDF-A way of doing Europe)
                Award ID: PI18/01751
                Project financing related to the content of this article: Incidencia y factores predictores de tuberculosis y del cumplimiento del tratamiento de la infección tuberculosa latente en una cohorte de expuestos a Mycobacterium tuberculosis (PI18/01751). This study was supported by the Ministry of Science and Innovation, Institute of Health Carlos III and European Regional Development Fund (ERDF-A way of doing Europe).
                Categories
                Review

                latent tuberculosis infection,tuberculosis,tuberculin test,interferon-gamma,infección tuberculosa latente,prueba de tuberculina,interferón gamma

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