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      Ischemic Preconditioning of Renal Tissue: Identification of Early Up-Regulated Genes

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          Abstract

          Given the important effects of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) in minimizing tissue damage induced by sustained ischemia in several tissues, this study evaluated the effect of IPC in preserving renal function and identified up-regulated genes after 30 min of preconditioning. IPC induced by 2, 3 and 4 min of ischemia, intercalated by 5 min of reperfusion, induced a measurable protection of renal function and morphology. The improved functional and histological parameters occurred in parallel with up-regulation of 39 genes, as evaluated by subtractive hybridization; for 13 of them we could show, by RNAse protection assay, a significant increase in mRNA levels. These genes code for chaperones/chaperonins and cytoskeleton proteins that could be involved in preservation of protein folding and cellular structures after sustained ischemia; proteins related to oxidative metabolism that might be relevant for cellular use of alternate sources of energy or for faster recovery of ATP levels in this condition, and proteins that are putative scavengers of oxidant products. Summarizing, ischemic preconditioning induced up-regulation of genes that code proteins whose functional roles suggest their involvement in the tolerance of the preconditioned tissue to sustained ischemia.

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          Selenoprotein P in Human Plasma as an Extracellular Phospholipid Hydroperoxide Glutathione Peroxidase

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            Protective effect of ischemic preconditioning on liver preservation-reperfusion injury in rats.

            Ischemic-preconditioning is a process whereby a brief ischemic episode confers a state of protection against subsequent long-term ischemia-reperfusion injury. Ischemic preconditioning has been studied in heart and liver ischemia-reperfusion injury; however, few studies have been performed in the model of preservation-reperfusion injury in liver transplantation. The current study was designed to evaluate the ability of ischemic preconditioning to protect liver grafts from long-term preservation-reperfusion injury. Male Sprague Dawley rats were used as donors and recipients of orthotopic liver transplantation. Ischemic preconditioning was done by interruption of the portal vein and hepatic artery for 5, 10, and 20 min (5-10, 10-10, and 20-10 groups). Reflow was initiated by removal of the clamp for another 10 min in all groups. The liver was removed and placed in a bath with Euro-Collins solution for different preservation times. Tolerance of the transplanted liver to cold ischemia was determined by survival time and liver function tests. Rat tumor necrosis factor was analyzed by a bioassay. Nomega-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, L-arginine, or adenosine was administered to block or stimulate the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO) in the rats that received long-term-preserved liver grafts. Twenty percent of syngeneic rats (n=10) that received a liver graft with a 16-hr cold ischemia time in Euro-Collins solution survived for more than 1 day and 10% survived for more than 5 days. In contrast, 87.5% of rats (n=8) that received a liver graft with ischemic preconditioning (10-10 group) and 16 hr of cold ischemia survived for more than 1 day and 75% for more than 5 days. Recipients of liver grafts with ischemic preconditioning had significantly reduced levels of serum aspartate transaminase and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, as well as increased bile flow, compared with recipients of liver grafts without ischemic preconditioning. Blockage of the NO pathway using Nomega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, a stereospecific competitive inhibitor of NO formation, attenuated the protective effect of ischemic preconditioning. Administration of one of two precursors of NO synthesis, L-arginine or adenosine, prolonged the survival of rats that received 16-hr-preserved liver grafts. In addition, L-arginine synergized with short-term ischemic pre conditioning (5-10 group) to increase the survival of rats that received a liver graft with a 16-hr cold ischemia time, and the survival rate was 83% after 5 days. Finally, prolonged ischemic preconditioning (> or = 20 min; 20-10 group) resulted in liver damage and loss of function. The current results show that ischemic preconditioning protects the liver graft from subsequent long-term cold preservation-reperfusion injury in a rat liver transplantation model. The protective role of ischemic preconditioning may be mediated by the endogenous production of NO.
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              Activation of the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase cascade in the hippocampal CA1 region in a rat model of global cerebral ischemic preconditioning.

              A short period of sublethal preconditioning ischemia (3 min) followed by two days of reperfusion provides almost complete protection against ischemic cell death induced by a second (9 min) lethal ischemic episode. Here, we have investigated the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase kinase and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase, two kinases known to activate gene transcription and to be of importance for cell survival, after sublethal preconditioning ischemia in the rat hippocampal CA1 region. The activation levels of these two kinases were also studied after a second ischemic episode both in preconditioned and nonconditioned brains. An increased phosphorylation of the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase kinase was found in neuronal cell bodies, particularly in the nucleus, 30 min, 4 h and two days of reperfusion after preconditioning ischemia. Two days after preconditioning ischemia both extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase kinase and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase were markedly phosphorylated. During the early reperfusion period (30 min) after the second ischemic insult the phosphorylation levels of these two kinases were increased in both nonconditioned and preconditioned brains. In the late reperfusion time (one day), the phosphorylation levels of the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase kinase and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase were decreased in preconditioned brains, but remained elevated in nonconditioned brains. We conclude that phosphorylation of the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase kinase and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase after sublethal ischemia correlates with the neuroprotection induced by preconditioning, possibly by transcriptional activation of neuroprotective genes. Also, preconditioning enhances normalization of the disturbed cell signaling through the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase cascade induced by lethal ischemia.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                NEE
                Nephron Exp Nephrol
                10.1159/issn.1660-2129
                Cardiorenal Medicine
                S. Karger AG
                1660-2129
                2003
                March 2003
                17 November 2004
                : 93
                : 3
                : e107-e116
                Affiliations
                aDepartamento of Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, and bDepartamento de Patologia e Imaginologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Brazil
                Article
                69553 Nephron Exp Nephrol 2003;93:e107–e116
                10.1159/000069553
                12660413
                9d7dd7c0-3a1e-4707-bad4-12bdf897945a
                © 2003 S. Karger AG, Basel

                Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.

                History
                : 02 May 2002
                : 25 September 2002
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 4, References: 35, Pages: 1
                Categories
                Original Paper

                Cardiovascular Medicine,Nephrology
                Renal failure,Subtractive hybridization,Ischemic preconditioning,Hypoxia,Oxidative stress

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