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      Natural Leishmania ( Viannia) spp. infections in phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) from the Brazilian Amazon region reveal new putative transmission cycles of American cutaneous leishmaniasis Translated title: Les infections naturelles par Leishmania ( Viannia) spp. chez les phlébotomes (Diptera: Psychodidae) de la région amazonienne du Brésil révèlent de nouveaux cycles putatifs de transmission de la leishmaniose cutanée américaine

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          Abstract

          In Amazonian Brazil the etiological agents of American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) belong to at least seven Leishmania species but little is known about the putative phlebotomine sand fly vectors in different biomes. In 2002–2003 a survey of the phlebotomine fauna was undertaken in the “Floresta Nacional do Tapajós”, Belterra municipality, in the lower Amazon region, western Pará State, Brazil, where we recently confirmed the presence of a putative hybrid parasite, L. ( V.) guyanensis × L. ( V.) shawi shawi. Sand flies were collected from Centers for Disease Control (CDC) light traps, Shannon traps and by aspiration on tree bases. Females were dissected and attempts to isolate any flagellate infections were made by inoculating homogenized midguts into Difco B 45 medium. Isolates were characterized by monoclonal antibodies and isoenzyme electrophoresis. A total of 9,704 sand flies, belonging to 68 species or subspecies, were collected. Infections were found in the following sand flies: L. ( V.) naiffi with Psychodopygus hirsutus hirsutus (1) and Ps. davisi (2); and L. ( V.) shawi shawi with Nyssomyia whitmani (3) and Lutzomyia gomezi (1). These results provide strong evidence of new putative transmission cycles for L. ( V.) naiffi and L. ( V.) s. shawi.

          Translated abstract

          En Amazonie brésilienne les agents étiologiques de la leishmaniose cutanée américaine (LCA) appartiennent à au moins sept espèces de Leishmania, mais on connaît mal les phlébotomes vecteurs dans les différents biomes. En 2002 et 2003 une enquête sur la faune des phlébotomes a été entreprise dans la « Floresta Nacional do Tapajós », commune de Belterra, dans la région inférieure de l’Amazonie, ouest de l’État du Pará, au Brésil, où nous avons récemment confirmé la présence d’un parasite hybride putatif, L. ( V.) guyanensis ×  L. ( V.) shawi shawi. Les phlébotomes ont été recueillis dans des pièges lumineux CDC, des pièges Shannon et par aspiration sur la base des arbres. Les femelles ont été disséquées et on a tenté d’isoler les infections par des flagellés en inoculant des mésogastres homogénéisés dans un milieu Difco B45. Les isolats ont été caractérisés par des anticorps monoclonaux et l’électrophorèse des isoenzymes. Un total de 9704 phlébotomes, appartenant à 68 espèces ou sous-espèces, ont été collectés. Des infections ont été trouvées dans les phlébotomes suivants : L. ( V.) naiffi avec Psychodopygus hirsutus hirsutus (1) et Ps. davisi (2); L. ( V.) shawi shawi avec Nyssomyia whitmani (3) et Lutzomyia gomezi (1). Ces résultats fournissent des preuves solides de nouveaux cycles putatifs de transmission pour L. ( V.) naiffi et L. ( V.) s. shawi.

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          Immunopathogenic competences of Leishmania (V.) braziliensis and L. (L.) amazonensis in American cutaneous leishmaniasis.

          The immunopathogenic competences of Leishmania (V.) braziliensis and L. (L.) amazonensis were reviewed in the light of more recent features found in the clinical and immunopathological spectrum of American cutaneous leishmaniasis. It was shown a dichotomy in the interaction between these Leishmania species and human T-cell immune response; while L. (V.) braziliensis shows a clear tendency to lead infection from the localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL), a moderate T-cell hypersensitivity form at the centre of the spectrum, toward to the mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL) at the T-cell hypersensitivity pole and with a prominent Th1-type immune response, L. (L.) amazonensis shows an opposite tendency, leading infection to the anergic diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (ADCL) at the T-cell hyposensitivity pole and with a marked Th2-type immune response. Between the central LCL and the two polar MCL and ADCL, the infection can present an intermediary form known as borderline disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis, characterized by an incomplete inhibition of T-cell hypersensitivity but with a evident supremacy of Th1 over Th2 immune response (Th1 > or = Th2). These are probably the main immunopathogenic competences of L. (V.) braziliensis and L. (L.) amazonensis regarding the immune response dichotomy that modulates human infection outcome by these Leishmania parasites.
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            Proven and putative vectors of American cutaneous leishmaniasis in Brazil: aspects of their biology and vectorial competence.

            The aim of the present review is to give relevant information on aspects of the biology and ecology, including the vectorial competence of Lutzomyia sand fly species suggested as vectors of American cutaneous leishmaniasis in Brazil. The disease, due to Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis, has been registered in most municipalities in all the Brazilian states and its transmission is associated with more than one sand fly species in each geographical region. A variety of Leishmania species can be found in the Amazon basin, where different epidemiological chains have been detected with the participation of different phlebotomine vectors. Finally, a discussion is presented on some sand fly species found naturally infected by Leishmania, but for which there is as yet no evidence regarding their epidemiological importance.
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              Characterization and classification of leishmanial parasites from humans, wild mammals, and sand flies in the Amazon region of Brazil.

              Ninety-four leishmanial isolates from the Brazilian Amazon Region (Amapá, Amazonas, Pará, and Rondônia) were identified and classified using specific monoclonal antibodies and an indirect radioimmunoassay (serodeme analysis); eighty-two were also characterized by enzyme electrophoresis (zymodeme analysis), the results of which were subjected to a numerical phenetic analysis. Six isolates from humans (3), Didelphis marsupialis (1), Lutzomyia olmeca nociva (1), and Lu, reducta (1) showed reactivity patterns and isoenzyme profiles similar to those obtained with the Leishmania amazonensis reference strains, and were identified as this species. Eighty-six stocks were classified as members of the L. braziliensis complex; of these, 61 were L. guyanensis or variants, which presented three serodeme subtypes, but whose isoenzyme profiles were all similar to the reference strain. A total of 15 isolates were distinguished as L. braziliensis or variants and were classified into five serodeme subtypes. The isolate from Psychodopugus davisi appeared, from the numerical analysis, to be a distinct parasite species. Ten isolates showed reactivity patterns and isoenzyme profiles similar to those obtained with the L. naiffi reference strain. A parasite isolated from Ps. claustrei appeared to be different from all reference strains by both techniques, and was classified as probably being a new species. The importance of these results with respect to the taxonomic status of the New World Leishmania, and their implications for both clinical and epidemiologic data are discussed.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Parasite
                Parasite
                parasite
                Parasite
                EDP Sciences
                1252-607X
                1776-1042
                2016
                27 May 2016
                : 23
                : ( publisher-idID: parasite/2016/01 )
                : 22
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Parasitology Department, Evandro Chagas Institute (Surveillance Secretary of Health, Ministry of Health) Ananindeua Pará State Brazil
                [2 ] Tropical Medicine Nucleus, Federal University of Pará Belém Pará State Brazil
                [3 ] Biomedical Sciences Institute, São Paulo University São Paulo State Brazil
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author: fernandotobias@ 123456iec.pa.gov.br
                [†]

                In memoriam

                Article
                parasite160021 10.1051/parasite/2016022
                10.1051/parasite/2016022
                4884270
                27235194
                9d87c9d5-5084-445d-8448-9c6821266912
                © A.A.A. de Souza et al., published by EDP Sciences, 2016

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 24 March 2016
                : 30 April 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 2, Equations: 0, References: 51, Pages: 10
                Categories
                Research Article

                leishmania (viannia) spp.,phlebotomine sand flies,natural infections,amazon region,pará state,brazil

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