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      Demonstrating Photoluminescence from Au is Electronic Inelastic Light Scattering of a Plasmonic Metal: The Origin of SERS Backgrounds

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          Abstract

          Temperature-dependent surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is used to investigate the photoluminescence and background continuum always present in SERS but whose origin remains controversial. Both the Stokes and anti-Stokes background is found to be dominated by inelastic light scattering (ILS) from the electrons in the noble metal nanostructures supporting the plasmon modes. The anti-Stokes background is highly temperature dependent and is shown to be related to the thermal occupation of electronic states within the metal via a simple model. This suggests new routes to enhance SERS sensitivities, as well as providing ubiquitous and calibrated real-time temperature measurements of nanostructures.

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          Most cited references38

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          Photo-induced charge transfer across the interface between organic molecular crystals and polymers

          Photo-induced charge transfer of positive and negative charges across the interface between an ordered organic semiconductor and a polymeric insulator is observed in the field-effect experiments. Immobilization of the transferred charge in the polymer results in a shift of the field-effect threshold of polaronic conduction along the interface in the semiconductor, which allows for direct measurements of the charge transfer rate. The transfer occurs when the photon energy exceeds the absorption edge of the semiconductor. The direction of the transverse electric field at the interface determines the sign of the transferred charge; the transfer rate is controlled by the field magnitude and light intensity.
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            Why do ultrasoft repulsive particles cluster and crystallize? Analytical results from density functional theory

            We demonstrate the accuracy of the hypernetted chain closure and of the mean-field approximation for the calculation of the fluid-state properties of systems interacting by means of bounded and positive-definite pair potentials with oscillating Fourier transforms. Subsequently, we prove the validity of a bilinear, random-phase density functional for arbitrary inhomogeneous phases of the same systems. On the basis of this functional, we calculate analytically the freezing parameters of the latter. We demonstrate explicitly that the stable crystals feature a lattice constant that is independent of density and whose value is dictated by the position of the negative minimum of the Fourier transform of the pair potential. This property is equivalent with the existence of clusters, whose population scales proportionally to the density. We establish that regardless of the form of the interaction potential and of the location on the freezing line, all cluster crystals have a universal Lindemann ratio L = 0.189 at freezing. We further make an explicit link between the aforementioned density functional and the harmonic theory of crystals. This allows us to establish an equivalence between the emergence of clusters and the existence of negative Fourier components of the interaction potential. Finally, we make a connection between the class of models at hand and the system of infinite-dimensional hard spheres, when the limits of interaction steepness and space dimension are both taken to infinity in a particularly described fashion.
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              Caustic activation of rain showers

              We show quantitatively how the collision rate of droplets of visible moisture in turbulent air increases very abruptly as the intensity of the turbulence passes a threshold, due to the formation of fold caustics in their velocity field. The formation of caustics is an activated process, in which a measure of the intensity of the turbulence, termed the Stokes number St, is analogous to temperature in a chemical reaction: the rate of collision contains a factor exp(-C/St). Our results are relevant to the long-standing problem of explaining the rapid onset of rainfall from convecting clouds. Our theory does not involve spatial clustering of particles.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Nano Lett
                Nano Lett
                nl
                nalefd
                Nano Letters
                American Chemical Society
                1530-6984
                1530-6992
                03 March 2015
                08 April 2015
                : 15
                : 4
                : 2600-2604
                Affiliations
                []NanoPhotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
                Author notes
                Article
                10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b00146
                4415038
                25734469
                9d9479de-f13d-47d4-a0d4-2ff16ba0c3bf
                Copyright © 2015 American Chemical Society

                This is an open access article published under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the author and source are cited.

                History
                : 15 January 2015
                : 27 February 2015
                Categories
                Letter
                Custom metadata
                nl5b00146
                nl-2015-00146r

                Nanotechnology
                sers background,inelastic scattering,electronic sers,plasmonics,metal photoluminescence

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