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      Skin Wound Healing Process and New Emerging Technologies for Skin Wound Care and Regeneration

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          Abstract

          Skin wound healing shows an extraordinary cellular function mechanism, unique in nature and involving the interaction of several cells, growth factors and cytokines. Physiological wound healing restores tissue integrity, but in many cases the process is limited to wound repair. Ongoing studies aim to obtain more effective wound therapies with the intention of reducing inpatient costs, providing long-term relief and effective scar healing. The main goal of this comprehensive review is to focus on the progress in wound medication and how it has evolved over the years. The main complications related to the healing process and the clinical management of chronic wounds are described in the review. Moreover, advanced treatment strategies for skin regeneration and experimental techniques for cellular engineering and skin tissue engineering are addressed. Emerging skin regeneration techniques involving scaffolds activated with growth factors, bioactive molecules and genetically modified cells are exploited to overcome wound healing technology limitations and to implement personalized therapy design.

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          Most cited references93

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          The Wound Healing Process: An Overview of the Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms

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            Biofilms in chronic wounds.

            Chronic wounds including diabetic foot ulcers, pressure ulcers, and venous leg ulcers are a worldwide health problem. It has been speculated that bacteria colonizing chronic wounds exist as highly persistent biofilm communities. This research examined chronic and acute wounds for biofilms and characterized microorganisms inhabiting these wounds. Chronic wound specimens were obtained from 77 subjects and acute wound specimens were obtained from 16 subjects. Culture data were collected using standard clinical techniques. Light and scanning electron microscopy techniques were used to analyze 50 of the chronic wound specimens and the 16 acute wound specimens. Molecular analyses were performed on the remaining 27 chronic wound specimens using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and sequence analysis. Of the 50 chronic wound specimens evaluated by microscopy, 30 were characterized as containing biofilm (60%), whereas only one of the 16 acute wound specimens was characterized as containing biofilm (6%). This was a statistically significant difference (p<0.001). Molecular analyses of chronic wound specimens revealed diverse polymicrobial communities and the presence of bacteria, including strictly anaerobic bacteria, not revealed by culture. Bacterial biofilm prevalence in specimens from chronic wounds relative to acute wounds observed in this study provides evidence that biofilms may be abundant in chronic wounds.
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              Electrospinning of Collagen Nanofibers

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Pharmaceutics
                Pharmaceutics
                pharmaceutics
                Pharmaceutics
                MDPI
                1999-4923
                05 August 2020
                August 2020
                : 12
                : 8
                : 735
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, V.le Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; erikamaria.tottoli01@ 123456universitadipavia.it (E.M.T.); ida.genta@ 123456unipv.it (I.G.); enrica.chiesa@ 123456unipv.it (E.C.); bice.conti@ 123456unipv.it (B.C.)
                [2 ]Immunology and Transplantation Laboratory, Pediatric Hematology Oncology Unit, Department of Maternal and Children’s Health, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy; silvia.pisani01@ 123456universitadipavia.it
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: rossella.dorati@ 123456unipv.it ; Tel.: +39-03-8298-7393
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5774-9547
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5710-0588
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0034-2815
                Article
                pharmaceutics-12-00735
                10.3390/pharmaceutics12080735
                7463929
                32764269
                9da8f367-5267-4481-8e67-de09e39b400d
                © 2020 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 22 June 2020
                : 31 July 2020
                Categories
                Review

                wound healing,wound,chronic wounds,drug delivery,3d bioprinting,electrospinning

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