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      Vascular niche for adult hippocampal neurogenesis

      , ,
      The Journal of Comparative Neurology
      Wiley

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          Abstract

          The thin lamina between the hippocampal hilus and granule cell layer, or subgranule zone (SGZ), is an area of active proliferation within the adult hippocampus known to generate new neurons throughout adult life. Although the neuronal fate of many dividing cells is well documented, little information is available about the phenotypes of cells in S-phase or how the dividing cells might interact with neighboring cells in the process of neurogenesis. Here, we make the unexpected observation that dividing cells are found in dense clusters associated with the vasculature and roughly 37% of all dividing cells are immunoreactive for endothelial markers. Most of the newborn endothelial cells disappear over several weeks, suggesting that neurogenesis is intimately associated with a process of active vascular recruitment and subsequent remodeling. The present data provide the first evidence that adult neurogenesis occurs within an angiogenic niche. This environment may provide a novel interface where mesenchyme-derived cells and circulating factors influence plasticity in the adult central nervous system. Copyright 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

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          Survival and differentiation of adult neuronal progenitor cells transplanted to the adult brain.

          The dentate gyrus of the hippocampus is one of the few areas of the adult brain that undergoes neurogenesis. In the present study, cells capable of proliferation and neurogenesis were isolated and cultured from the adult rat hippocampus. In defined medium containing basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2), cells can survive, proliferate, and express neuronal and glial markers. Cells have been maintained in culture for 1 year through multiple passages. These cultured adult cells were labeled in vitro with bromodeoxyuridine and adenovirus expressing beta-galactosidase and were transplanted to the adult rat hippocampus. Surviving cells were evident through 3 months postimplantation with no evidence of tumor formation. Within 2 months postgrafting, labeled cells were found in the dentate gyrus, where they differentiated into neurons only in the intact region of the granule cell layer. Our results indicate that FGF-2 responsive progenitors can be isolated from the adult hippocampus and that these cells retain the capacity to generate mature neurons when grafted into the adult rat brain.
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            Nestin mRNA expression correlates with the central nervous system progenitor cell state in many, but not all, regions of developing central nervous system.

            Nestin is a recently discovered intermediate filament (IF) gene. Nestin expression has been extensively used as a marker for central nervous system (CNS) progenitor cells in different contexts, based on observations indicating a correlation between nestin expression and this cell type in vivo. To evaluate this correlation in more detail nestin mRNA expression in developing and adult mouse CNS was analysed by in situ hybridization. We find that nestin is expressed from embryonic day (E) 7.75 and that expression is detected in many proliferating CNS regions: at E10.5 nestin is expressed in cells of both the rostral and caudal neural tube, including the radial glial cells; at E15.5 and postnatal day (P) 0 expression is observed largely in the developing cerebellum and in the ventricular and subventricular areas of the developing telencephalon. Furthermore, the transition from a proliferating to a post-mitotic cell state is accompanied by a rapid decrease in nestin mRNA for motor neurons in the ventral spinal cord and for neurons in the marginal layer of developing telencephalon. In contrast to these data we observe two proliferating areas, the olfactory epithelium and the precursor cells of the hippocampal granule neurons, which do not express nestin at detectable levels. Thus, nestin mRNA expression correlates with many, but not all, regions of proliferating CNS progenitor cells. In addition to its temporal and spatial regulation nestin expression also appears to be regulated at the level of subcellular mRNA localization: in columnar neuroepithelial and radial glial cells nestin mRNA is predominantly localized to the pial endfeet.
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              Dopaminergic and GABAergic interneurons of the olfactory bulb are derived from the neonatal subventricular zone.

              Earlier studies in our laboratory have demonstrated that a discrete region of the anterior part of the neonatal subventricular zone (SVZa) contains exclusively neuronal progenitor cells. The descendants of the SVZa progenitor cells are destined for the granule cell and glomerular layers of the olfactory bulb, where they differentiate into granule and periglomerular cells, the interneurons of the olfactory bulb, respectively. In the present set of experiments we examined the neurotransmitter phenotype of the SVZa-derived cells. In order to label SVZa-derived cells, the cell proliferation marker bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) was injected into the SVZa of postnatal day 2 (P2) rats. After 3 weeks, by which time most of the SVZa-derived cells have migrated to their final destination in the bulb, the animals were perfused and their brains processed for immunohistochemistry. To identify the neurotransmitter phenotype of the SVZa-derived cells, sagittal sections of the forebrain, including the olfactory bulb, were double-labeled with an antibody to BrdU in conjunction with an antibody to gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA) or tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate limiting enzyme in the synthesis of dopamine. Using simultaneous indirect immunofluorescence to detect the presence of single- and double-labeled cells, we found that 59% and 51% of the BrdU-positive cells were immunoreactive for GABA in the granule cell and glomerular layers, respectively. In addition, 10% of the BrdU-positive periglomerular cells were immunoreactive for TH. The presence of double-labeled (BrdU-positive/GABA-positive and BrdU-positive/TH-positive) cells in the olfactory bulb, demonstrates that the SVZa is a source of the GABAergic and dopaminergic interneurons of the olfactory bulb during postnatal development.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                The Journal of Comparative Neurology
                J. Comp. Neurol.
                Wiley
                0021-9967
                1096-9861
                October 02 2000
                October 02 2000
                2000
                : 425
                : 4
                : 479-494
                Article
                10.1002/1096-9861(20001002)425:4<479::AID-CNE2>3.0.CO;2-3
                10975875
                9daaf8c3-df74-4b70-b4db-60e92ff1f793
                © 2000

                http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1

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