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      Effects of chitosan on hematological parameters and stress resistance in rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss)

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          Abstract

          The aim of our study was to evaluate the effects of chitosan as immune stimulator on some hematological parameters and stress resistance in rainbow trout. Nine hundred rainbow trout (with initial body weight of 25 ± 0.1 g) were obtained from a local farm and acclimated to the laboratory conditions for one week. After that fish were randomly divided into four groups in three replicates. Each group received chitosan in diet at four concentrations as 0 (Control), 0.25, 0.5 and 1 percent chitosan, respectively. The trial was conducted for 8 weeks then feeding with chitosan stopped for 3 weeks later and during this time all fish were feed by control diet. The sampling was conducted to assay the hematological parameters of all groups every two weeks. In this study we assayed the resistance of fish against some environmental stresses immediately after changing the diet to the control. The results showed that using 0.25 percent chitosan in trout diets had a significant effect ( P < 0.05) on hematological indices and stress resistance of rainbow trout in comparison the control group. Serum glucose level was higher in all treatment than control without any significance difference ( P < 0.05). Based on the obtained results it concluded that the adding chitosan at 0.25 percent into the diet could enhance the hematological parameters and resistance against some environmental stresses in rainbow trout.

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          Current research status of fish immunostimulants

          Masahiro Sakai (1999)
          Article 0 comments Cited 172 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Trimethylated chitosans as non-viral gene delivery vectors: cytotoxicity and transfection efficiency.

            Thomas Kean, Susanne Roth, Maya Thanou (2005)
            Chitosans are linear polysaccharides of natural origin that show potential as carriers in drug and gene delivery. Introducing quaternisation on the chitosan backbone renders the polymer soluble over a wider pH range and confers controlled cationic character. This study aims to investigate the effect of increasing quaternisation and therefore, positive charge on cell viability and transfection. Oligomeric and polymeric chitosans were trimethylated, the toxicity and transfection efficiency of these derivatives were tested with respect to increasing degree of trimethylation. The cytoxicity of polymer and oligomer derivatives alone and of their complexes with plasmid DNA were determined using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay on COS-7 (monkey kidney fibroblasts) and MCF-7 (epithelial breast cancer) cells. Transfection efficiency was investigated using the pGL3 luciferase reporter gene on the same cell lines. Complexes were characterised for their stability by gel electrophoresis. Cytotoxicity results showed that all derivatives were significantly less toxic than linear polyethylenimine (PEI). A general trend of increasing toxicity with increasing degree of trimethylation was seen. However, higher toxicity was seen in polymeric chitosan derivatives over oligomeric chitosan derivatives at similar degrees of trimethylation. All derivatives complexed pGL3 luc plasmid DNA efficiently at 10:1 ratio and three (TMO44, TMC57 and TMC93) were able to transfect MCF-7 cells with greater efficiency than PEI; 16, 23 and 50-fold, respectively. TMC57, TMC93 and all TMOs gave appreciable transfection of COS-7 cells.
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              Effects of dietary chitosan and Bacillus subtilis on the growth performance, non-specific immunity and disease resistance of cobia, Rachycentron canadum.

              Yan-Yan Chi, Qi Yang, Xu Geng … (2011)
              The present study was performed to investigate the effects of various levels of dietary Bacillus subtilis and chitosan on the growth performance, non-specific immunity and protection against Vibrio harveyi infection in cobia, Rachycentron canadum. Fish were fed with the control diet and six different experimental diets containing three graded levels of B. subtilis at 2 × 10(10) CFU g(-1) (0.0, 1.0, 2.0 g kg(-1) diet) for each of two levels of chitosan (3.0 and 6.0 g kg(-1) diet). The results of 8 weeks feeding trial showed that the survival rate ranged from 81.3% to 84.0% with no significant difference (P > 0.05). The SGR (%) in the fish fed with dietary treatments was significantly higher than that of the control fish except diet 6 group with 2.0 g kg(-1)B. subtilis and 3.0 g kg(-1) chitosan. The serum lysozyme activities were significantly higher in 6.0 g kg(-1) chitosan groups and no significant differences were observed among B. subtilis levels. The serum ACP activities were significantly higher in 3.0 g kg(-1) chitosan groups at 0.0 and 1.0 g kg(-1)B. subtilis levels; at low chitosan level, the cobia fed diets with 1.0 g kg(-1)B. subtilis had significantly higher serum ACP activity, but at high chitosan level, the cobia fed diets with 2.0 g kg(-1)B. subtilis had significantly higher serum ACP activity. The phagocytosis and respiratory burst activity in the fish fed with dietary treatments was significantly higher than that of the control fish except diet 3 group with 6.0 g kg(-1) chitosan. Moreover, fish fed the diet containing 2.0 g kg(-1)B. subtilis and 6.0 g kg(-1) chitosan had significantly higher post-challenge survival on the 7th day following V. harveyi infection and post-challenge survival showed clearly the synergistic effect of chitosan and B. subtilis. Based on these results, the combination of 1.0 g kg(-1)B. subtilis and 6.0 g kg(-1) chitosan is optimal for the growth, innate immunity and disease resistance of cobia with an 8-week oral administration. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Vet Res Forum
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Vet Res Forum
                Journal ID (publisher-id): VRF
                Title: Veterinary Research Forum
                Publisher: Urmia University Press (Urmia, Iran )
                ISSN (Print): 2008-8140
                ISSN (Electronic): 2322-3618
                Publication date (Print): Winter 2012
                Volume: 3
                Issue: 1
                Pages: 49-54
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of food hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Artemia & Aquatic Animals Research Institute, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran;
                [2 ] Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran;
                [3 ] Department of Biotechnology and Pathobiology, Artemia and Aquatic Animals Research Institute, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran;
                [4 ] Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: Saeed Meshkini, DVM, PhD , Department of food hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Artemia & Aquatic animals Research Institute, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran. E-mail: s.meshkiniy@urmia.ac.ir
                Article
                Publisher ID: vrf-3-049
                PMC ID: 4312819
                PubMed ID: 25653746
                SO-VID: 9dccb030-0415-4994-a597-769c0b920ba7
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 2 July 2011
                Date revision received : 24 October 2011
                Date accepted : 15 March 2012
                Categories
                Subject: Original Article

                Keywords: rainbow trout,chitosan,hematological parameters,stress resistance
                Data availability:
                Keywords: rainbow trout, chitosan, hematological parameters, stress resistance

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