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      Effects of microcystin-LR on patterns of iNOS and cytokine mRNA expression in macrophages in vitro.

      Environmental toxicology
      Animals, Cyanobacteria, chemistry, Cytokines, biosynthesis, Enzyme Inhibitors, toxicity, Immune System, drug effects, Macrophages, Male, Mice, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Microcystins, Nitric Oxide Synthase, Peptides, Cyclic, Peritoneal Lavage, Phosphoprotein Phosphatases, antagonists & inhibitors, RNA, Messenger, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction

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          Abstract

          The presence of cyanobacterial toxins in drinking and recreational waters represent a potential health hazard to the public. Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is the most commonly encountered toxin and is a potent cyclic heptapeptide hepatotoxin produced by cyanobacteria. In this study, the immunomodulation by MC-LR of BALB/c mice peritoneal macrophages was investigated in vitro on mRNA levels of induced nitric oxide synthase and multiple cytokines by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Lavaged peritoneal macrophages were incubated for 6 h with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at a concentration of 100 microg/L and MC-LR at doses of 1, 10, 100, and 1000 nmol/L. Total RNA was extracted from the incubated macrophages, and then the levels of mRNA for induced nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, GM-CSF, and IFN-gamma were detected. The results showed that expression of mRNA for iNOS, IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, GM-CSF, and IFN-gamma decreased significantly compared to the positive control (LPS only). These results have led us to propose the need for the establishment of a survey of the immunotoxicity of microcystins. (c) 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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