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      Cortisol levels and sleep patterns in infants with orofacial clefts undergoing surgery

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          Abstract

          Background

          Traumatic events during early infancy might damage infants’ psychobiological functioning, such as sleep and cortisol secretion. Infants born with orofacial clefts (OFCs) undergo functional, anatomical, and aesthetic surgery. The aim of the present study was to determine whether infants with OFC and undergoing OFC surgery show deteriorated sleep and cortisol secretion compared with healthy controls and with their presurgery status.

          Methods

          A total of 27 infants with OFC (mean age: 22 weeks) and 30 healthy controls (mean age: 23 weeks) took part in the study. For infants with OFC, sleep actigraphy was performed and saliva cortisol was analyzed 5 days before, during, and 5 days after surgery. For controls, sleep and saliva cortisol were assessed similarly, except for the period taken up with surgery.

          Results

          Compared with healthy controls, infants with OFC undergoing OFC surgery did not differ in sleep and cortisol secretion. Their sleep and cortisol secretion did deteriorate during the perisurgical period but recovered 5 days postsurgery.

          Conclusion

          In infants with OFC undergoing corrective surgery, the pattern of results for sleep and cortisol suggests that OFC surgery does not seem to constitute a traumatic event with long-term consequences.

          Most cited references29

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          Salivary cortisol as a biomarker in stress research.

          Salivary cortisol is frequently used as a biomarker of psychological stress. However, psychobiological mechanisms, which trigger the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPAA) can only indirectly be assessed by salivary cortisol measures. The different instances that control HPAA reactivity (hippocampus, hypothalamus, pituitary, adrenals) and their respective modulators, receptors, or binding proteins, may all affect salivary cortisol measures. Thus, a linear relationship with measures of plasma ACTH and cortisol in blood or urine does not necessarily exist. This is particularly true under response conditions. The present paper addresses several psychological and biological variables, which may account for such dissociations, and aims to help researchers to rate the validity and psychobiological significance of salivary cortisol as an HPAA biomarker of stress in their experiments.
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            On the interactions of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and sleep: normal HPA axis activity and circadian rhythm, exemplary sleep disorders.

            The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis plays important roles in maintaining alertness and modulating sleep. Dysfunction of this axis at any level (CRH receptor, glucocorticoid receptor, or mineralocorticoid receptor) can disrupt sleep. Herein, we review normal sleep, normal HPA axis physiology and circadian rhythm, the effects of the HPA axis on sleep, as well as the effects of sleep on the HPA axis. We also discuss the potential role of CRH in circadian-dependent alerting, aside from its role in the stress response. Two clinically relevant sleep disorders with likely HPA axis dysfunction, insomnia and obstructive sleep apnea, are discussed. In insomnia, we discuss how HPA axis hyperactivity may be partially causal to the clinical syndrome. In obstructive sleep apnea, we discuss how HPA axis hyperactivity may be a consequence of the disorder and contribute to secondary pathology such as insulin resistance, hypertension, depression, and insomnia. Mechanisms by which cortisol can affect slow wave sleep are discussed, as is the role the HPA axis plays in secondary effects of primary sleep disorders.
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              Free cortisol levels after awakening: a reliable biological marker for the assessment of adrenocortical activity.

              In three independent studies, free cortisol levels after morning awakening were repeatedly measured in children, adults and elderly subjects (total n=152). Cortisol was assessed by sampling saliva at 10 or 15 minute intervals for 30-60 minutes, beginning at the time of awakening for two days (Study 1 and 2) or one (Study 3) day, respectively. In all three studies, free cortisol levels increased by 50-75% within the first 30 minutes after awakening in both sexes on all days. Premenopausal women consistently showed a stronger increase with a delayed peak after awakening compared to men on all days. In Study 2, there was a tendency for lower early morning free cortisol levels for women taking oral contraceptives (p=.10). Stability of the area under the curve (AUC) of the early morning free cortisol levels over the three (Study 1 and 2) or two (Study 3) days ranged between r=.39 and r=.67 (p<.001). Neither age, weight, nor smoking showed an effect on baseline or peak cortisol levels. Sleep duration, time of awakening and alcohol consumption also appeared to be unrelated to early morning free cortisol levels. From these data we conclude that in contrast to single assessments at fixed times, early morning cortisol levels can be a reliable biological marker for the individual's adrenocortical activity when measured repeatedly with strict reference to the time of awakening.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat
                Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat
                Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment
                Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment
                Dove Medical Press
                1176-6328
                1178-2021
                2014
                15 October 2014
                : 10
                : 1965-1972
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, University of Basel and University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
                [2 ]Hightech Research Center of Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
                [3 ]Psychiatric Clinics of the University of Basel, Center for Affective, Stress, and Sleep Disorders, Basel, Switzerland
                [4 ]Department of Sport and Health Science, Division of Sport Science, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Serge Brand, Psychiatric Clinics of the University of Basel, Center for Affective, Stress and Sleep Disorders, Wilhelm Klein-Strasse 27, 4027 Basel, Switzerland, Tel +4161 325 51 14, Fax +4161 325 55 53, Email serge.brand@ 123456upkbs.ch
                Article
                ndt-10-1965
                10.2147/NDT.S71785
                4206390
                9e0f3764-d1ac-433e-af14-0b41c9f2343a
                © 2014 Mueller et al. This work is published by Dove Medical Press Limited, and licensed under Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License

                The full terms of the License are available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed.

                History
                Categories
                Original Research

                Neurology
                cortisol,sleep,orofacial cleft,surgery,infants
                Neurology
                cortisol, sleep, orofacial cleft, surgery, infants

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