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      Epidemiological Study on Metal Pollution of Ningbo in China

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          Abstract

          Background: In order to search for effective control and prevention measures, the status of metal pollution in Ningbo, China was investigated. Methods: Nine of the most common contaminating metals including lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), and mercury (Hg) in samples of vegetables, rice, soil, irrigation water, and human hair were detected using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Three different districts including industrial, suburban and rural areas in Ningbo were studied through a stratified random sample method. Results: (1) Among all of the detected vegetable samples, Cd exceeded the standard limit rates in industrial, suburban and rural areas as high as 43.9%, 27.5% and 5.0%, respectively; indicating the severity of Cd pollution in Ningbo. (2) The pollution index (PI) of Cd and Zn in soil (1.069, 1.584, respectively) suggests that soil is slightly polluted by Cd and Zn. Among all samples, metal contamination levels in soil were all relatively high. (3) A positive correlation was found between the concentrations of Pb, Cd and Cu in vegetables and soil; Pb, Cu, Cr and Ni in vegetables and irrigation water, as well as, Cu and Ni in rice and irrigation water; and, (4) Higher Pb and Cd concentrations were found in student scalp hair in both industrial and suburban areas compared to rural areas. (5) Hg and Pb that are found in human scalp hair may be more easily absorbed from food than any of the other metals. Conclusions: In general, certain harmful metal pollutions were detected in both industrial and suburban areas of Ningbo in China.

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          Most cited references39

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          A review of heavy metal contaminations in urban soils, urban road dusts and agricultural soils from China

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            Remediation of heavy metal(loid)s contaminated soils--to mobilize or to immobilize?

            Unlike organic contaminants, metal(loid)s do not undergo microbial or chemical degradation and persist for a long time after their introduction. Bioavailability of metal(loid)s plays a vital role in the remediation of contaminated soils. In this review, the remediation of heavy metal(loid) contaminated soils through manipulating their bioavailability using a range of soil amendments will be presented. Mobilizing amendments such as chelating and desorbing agents increase the bioavailability and mobility of metal(loid)s. Immobilizing amendments such of precipitating agents and sorbent materials decrease the bioavailabilty and mobility of metal(loid)s. Mobilizing agents can be used to enhance the removal of heavy metal(loid)s though plant uptake and soil washing. Immobilizing agents can be used to reduce the transfer to metal(loid)s to food chain via plant uptake and leaching to groundwater. One of the major limitations of mobilizing technique is susceptibility to leaching of the mobilized heavy metal(loid)s in the absence of active plant uptake. Similarly, in the case of the immobilization technique the long-term stability of the immobilized heavy metal(loid)s needs to be monitored. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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              Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Vegetable Species Planted in Contaminated Soils and the Health Risk Assessment

              The objectives of the present study were to investigate heavy metal accumulation in 22 vegetable species and to assess the human health risks of vegetable consumption. Six vegetable types were cultivated on farmland contaminated with heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, and As). The target hazard quotient (THQ) method was used to assess the human health risks posed by heavy metals through vegetable consumption. Clear differences were found in the concentrations of heavy metals in edible parts of the different vegetables. The concentrations of heavy metals decreased in the sequence as leafy vegetables > stalk vegetables/root vegetables/solanaceous vegetables > legume vegetables/melon vegetables. The ability of leafy vegetables to uptake and accumulate heavy metals was the highest, and that of melon vegetables was the lowest. This indicated that the low accumulators (melon vegetables) were suitable for being planted on contaminated soil, while the high accumulators (leafy vegetables) were unsuitable. In Shizhuyuan area, China, the total THQ values of adults and children through consumption of vegetables were 4.12 and 5.41, respectively, suggesting that the residents may be facing health risks due to vegetable consumption, and that children were vulnerable to the adverse effects of heavy metal ingestion.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Int J Environ Res Public Health
                Int J Environ Res Public Health
                ijerph
                International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
                MDPI
                1661-7827
                1660-4601
                28 February 2018
                March 2018
                : 15
                : 3
                : 424
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Preventative Medicine, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medicine School of Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo 315211, China; lizhou0601@ 123456163.com (Z.L.); suhong0908@ 123456126.com (H.S.); newsamsel@ 123456yahoo.com (S.S.F.K.); songxin3c@ 123456163.com (X.S.)
                [2 ]Ningbo Centers for Disease Prevention and Control, Ningbo 315010, China; ningbowl@ 123456163.com (L.W.); jcmjc@ 123456163.com (M.J.); shihb@ 123456nbcdc.org.cn (H.S.)
                [3 ]Ninghai Centers for Disease Prevention and Control, Ninghai 315600, China; hudanbiao@ 123456163.com
                [4 ]Jiangdong District Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo 315040, China; zljnb@ 123456126.com
                [5 ]Zhenhai District Maternal and Child Health Family Planning Center, Ningbo 315200, China; Fjian01@ 123456163.com
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: zhaojinshun@ 123456nbu.edu.cn (J.Z.); 02maogc@ 123456163.com (G.M.); Tel.: +13515844181 (J.Z.)
                [†]

                These authors contributed equally to this work.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6537-392X
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6012-1611
                Article
                ijerph-15-00424
                10.3390/ijerph15030424
                5876969
                29495631
                9e2662d0-d6e6-49ed-adcc-a53a5c94a68a
                © 2018 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 17 January 2018
                : 24 February 2018
                Categories
                Article

                Public health
                metal pollution,vegetable,rice,irrigation water,human hair
                Public health
                metal pollution, vegetable, rice, irrigation water, human hair

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