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      Formation of chloroplast protrusions and catalase activity in alpine Ranunculus glacialis under elevated temperature and different CO 2/O 2 ratios

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          Abstract

          Chloroplast protrusions (CPs) have frequently been observed in plants, but their significance to plant metabolism remains largely unknown. We investigated in the alpine plant Ranunculus glacialis L. treated under various CO 2 concentrations if CP formation is related to photorespiration, specifically focusing on hydrogen peroxide (H 2O 2) metabolism. Immediately after exposure to different CO 2 concentrations, the formation of CPs in leaf mesophyll cells was assessed and correlated to catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities. Under natural irradiation, the relative proportion of chloroplasts with protrusions (rCP) was highest (58.7 %) after exposure to low CO 2 (38 ppm) and was lowest (3.0 %) at high CO 2 (10,000 ppm). The same relationship was found for CAT activity, which decreased from 34.7 nkat mg −1 DW under low CO 2 to 18.4 nkat mg −1 DW under high CO 2, while APX activity did not change significantly. When exposed to natural CO 2 concentration (380 ppm) in darkness, CP formation was significantly lower (18.2 %) compared to natural solar irradiation (41.3 %). In summary, CP formation and CAT activity are significantly increased under conditions that favour photorespiration, while in darkness or at high CO 2 concentration under light, CP formation is significantly lower, providing evidence for an association between CPs and photorespiration.

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          The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00709-015-0778-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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          Effect of temperature on the CO2/O 2 specificity of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase and the rate of respiration in the light : Estimates from gas-exchange measurements on spinach.

          A. Brooks, G Farquhar (1985)
          Responses of the rate of net CO2 assimilation (A) to the intercellular partial pressure of CO2 (p i ) were measured on intact spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) leaves at different irradiances. These responses were analysed to find the value of p i at which the rate of photosynthetic CO2 uptake equalled that of photorespiratory CO2 evolution. At this CO2 partial pressure (denoted Г), net rate of CO2 assimilation was negative, indicating that there was non-photorespiratory CO2 evolution in the light. Hence Г was lower than the CO2 compensation point, Γ. Estimates of Г were obtained at leaf temperatures from 15 to 30°C, and the CO2/O2 specificity of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) carboxylase/oxygenase (E.C. 4.1.1.39) was calculated from these data, taking into account changes in CO2 and O2 solubilities with temperature. The CO2/O2 specificity decreased with increasing temperature. Therefore we concluded that temperature effects on the ratio of photorespiration to photosynthesis were not solely the consequence of differential effects of temperature on the solubilities of CO2 and O2. Our estimates of the CO2/O2 specificity of RuBP carboxylase/oxygenase are compared with in-vitro measurements by other authors. The rate of nonphotorespiratory CO2 evolution in the light (R d ) was obtained from the value of A at Г. At this low CO2 partial pressure, R d was always less than the rate of CO2 evolution in darkness and appeared to decrease with increasing irradiance. The decline was most marked up to about 100 μmol quanta m(-2) s(-1) and less marked at higher irradiances. At one particular irradiance, however, R d as a proportion of the rate of CO2 evolution in darkness was similar in different leaves and this proportion was unaffected by leaf temperature or by [O2] (ambient and greater). After conditions of high [CO2] and high irradiance for several hours, the rate of CO2 evolution in darkness increased and R d also increased.
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            The roles of reactive oxygen metabolism in drought: not so cut and dried.

            Graham Noctor, Amna Mhamdi, Christine Foyer (2014)
            Drought is considered to cause oxidative stress, but the roles of oxidant-induced modifications in plant responses to water deficit remain obscure. Key unknowns are the roles of reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced at specific intracellular or apoplastic sites and the interactions between the complex, networking antioxidative systems in restricting ROS accumulation or in redox signal transmission. This Update discusses the physiological aspects of ROS production during drought, and analyzes the relationship between oxidative stress and drought from different but complementary perspectives. We ask to what extent redox changes are involved in plant drought responses and discuss the roles that different ROS-generating processes may play. Our discussion emphasizes the complexity and the specificity of antioxidant systems, and the likely importance of thiol systems in drought-induced redox signaling. We identify candidate drought-responsive redox-associated genes and analyze the potential importance of different metabolic pathways in drought-associated oxidative stress signaling.
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              Photorespiration: metabolic pathways and their role in stress protection.

              A Wingler, P Lea, Michael Quick … (2000)
              Photorespiration results from the oxygenase reaction catalysed by ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase. In this reaction glycollate-2-phosphate is produced and subsequently metabolized in the photorespiratory pathway to form the Calvin cycle intermediate glycerate-3-phosphate. During this metabolic process, CO2 and NH3 are produced and ATP and reducing equivalents are consumed, thus making photorespiration a wasteful process. However, precisely because of this inefficiency, photorespiration could serve as an energy sink preventing the overreduction of the photosynthetic electron transport chain and photoinhibition, especially under stress conditions that lead to reduced rates of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation. Furthermore, photorespiration provides metabolites for other metabolic processes, e.g. glycine for the synthesis of glutathione, which is also involved in stress protection. In this review we describe the use of photorespiratory mutants to study the control and regulation of photorespiratory pathways. In addition, we discuss the possible role of photorespiration under stress conditions, such as drought, high salt concentrations and high light intensities encountered by alpine plants.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Othmar Buchner: +43 512 507 51065 , Othmar.Buchner@uibk.ac.at
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Protoplasma
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Protoplasma
                Title: Protoplasma
                Publisher: Springer Vienna (Vienna )
                ISSN (Print): 0033-183X
                ISSN (Electronic): 1615-6102
                Publication date (Electronic): 21 February 2015
                Publication date PMC-release: 21 February 2015
                Publication date (Print): 2015
                Volume: 252
                Issue: 6
                Pages: 1613-1619
                Affiliations
                Institute of Botany, Functional Plant Biology, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestrasse 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
                Author notes

                Handling Editor: Jaideep Mathur

                Article
                Publisher ID: 778
                DOI: 10.1007/s00709-015-0778-5
                PMC ID: 4628086
                PubMed ID: 25701381
                SO-VID: 9e3fe4b6-e178-4af2-95fb-a99f2c144dc7
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2015
                License:

                Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits any use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 23 December 2014
                Date accepted : 9 February 2015
                Categories
                Subject: Short Communication
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © Springer-Verlag Wien 2015

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular biology
                Keywords: ascorbate peroxidase,hydrogen peroxide,photorespiration,stromules,ultrastructure
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular biology
                Keywords: ascorbate peroxidase, hydrogen peroxide, photorespiration, stromules, ultrastructure

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