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      Application of the Initial Rate Method in Anaerobic Digestion of Kitchen Waste

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          Abstract

          This article proposes a methane production approach through sequenced anaerobic digestion of kitchen waste, determines the hydrolysis constants and reaction orders at both low total solid (TS) concentrations and high TS concentrations using the initial rate method, and examines the population growth model and first-order hydrolysis model. The findings indicate that the first-order hydrolysis model better reflects the kinetic process of gas production. During the experiment, all the influential factors of anaerobic fermentation retained their optimal values. The hydrolysis constants and reaction orders at low TS concentrations are then employed to demonstrate that the first-order gas production model can describe the kinetics of the gas production process. At low TS concentrations, the hydrolysis constants and reaction orders demonstrated opposite trends, with both stabilizing after 24 days at 0.99 and 1.1252, respectively. At high TS concentrations, the hydrolysis constants and the reaction orders stabilized at 0.98 (after 18 days) and 0.3507 (after 14 days), respectively. Given sufficient reaction time, the hydrolysis involved in anaerobic fermentation of kitchen waste can be regarded as a first-order reaction in terms of reaction kinetics. This study serves as a good reference for future studies regarding the kinetics of anaerobic digestion of kitchen waste.

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          A survey on biosecurity and management practices in Belgian pig herds.

          We surveyed Belgian pig herds to describe their biosecurity status and management practices. Our written questionnaire was sent to a stratified random sample of 609 pig farms. We achieved a 71.6% response, and 421/609 farmers (69.1%) returned questionnaires suitable for analysis. We used multiple-correspondence analysis followed by a two-step clustering procedure. Herd size, herd type and occupation (commercial or hobby herd) were used to describe different groups. We differentiated four biosecurity groups, which we interpreted as indicating low- to high-biosecurity status. Although we felt that most farms had acceptable biosecurity, few used measures such as showering (2.1%) and quarantine periods for people entering the premises (7.1%). We also found three management-practices clusters, although their interpretation was not straightforward. Despite the industrialised character of pig production in Belgium, 9.4% of pig herds were small, hobby herds that reported different biosecurity and management characteristics (such as the equipping pigs on pasture and feeding kitchen waste).
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            Degradation of volatile fatty acids in highly efficient anaerobic digestion

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              Performance of an innovative two-stage process converting food waste to hydrogen and methane.

              This study was conducted to evaluate the performance of an innovative two-stage process, BIOCELL, that was developed to produce hydrogen (H2) and methane (CH4) from food waste on the basis of phase separation, reactor rotation mode, and sequential batch technique. The BIOCELL process consisted of four leaching-bed reactors for H2 recovery and post-treatment and a UASB reactor for CH4 recovery. The leaching-bed reactors were operated in a rotation mode with a 2-day interval between degradation stages. The sequential batch technique was useful to optimize environmental conditions during H2 fermentation. The BIOCELL process demonstrated that, at the high volatile solids (VS) loading rate of 11.9 kg/m3 x day, it could remove 72.5% of VS and convert VS(removed) to H2 (28.2%) and CH4 (69.9%) on a chemical oxygen demand (COD) basis in 8 days. H2 gas production rate was 3.63 m3/m3 x day, while CH4 gas production rate was 1.75 m3/m3 x day. The yield values of H2 and CH4 were 0.31 and 0.21 m3/kg VS(added), respectively. Moreover, the output from the post-treatment could be used as a soil amendment. The BIOCELL process proved to be stable, reliable, and effective in resource recovery as well as waste stabilization.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Biomed Res Int
                Biomed Res Int
                BMRI
                BioMed Research International
                Hindawi
                2314-6133
                2314-6141
                2017
                4 May 2017
                : 2017
                : 3808521
                Affiliations
                1Liaoning Province Clean Energy Key Laboratory, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang Daoyi Street 37, Shenyang 110136, China
                2Liaoning Institute of Energy Resources, 65# Yingquan St., Yingkou, Liaoning, China
                3Liaoning Academy of Environmental Sciences, 30# Shuangyuan St., Shenyang, Liaoning 115003, China
                Author notes

                Academic Editor: Liandong Zhu

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3330-8031
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1024-0898
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4114-3281
                Article
                10.1155/2017/3808521
                5435989
                28546964
                9e669dc5-13f5-406c-8221-36dae6597a00
                Copyright © 2017 Lei Feng et al.

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 16 June 2016
                : 28 November 2016
                : 15 December 2016
                Funding
                Funded by: National Science and Technology Support
                Award ID: 2014BAC24B01
                Funded by: Cultivation Plan for Youth Agricultural Science and Technology Innovative Talents of Liaoning Province Support
                Award ID: 2014016
                Categories
                Research Article

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