Cells of human breast milk

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Abstract

Human milk is a complex fluid that has developed to satisfy the nutritional requirements of infants. In addition to proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and other biologically active components, breast milk contains a diverse microbiome that is presumed to colonize the infant gastrointestinal tract and a heterogeneous population of cells with unclear physiological roles and health implications. Noteworthy cellular components of breast milk include progenitor/stem cells. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge of breast milk cells, including leukocytes, epithelial cells, stem cells and potentially probiotic bacteria.

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Most cited references 63

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Breastfeeding in the 21st century: epidemiology, mechanisms, and lifelong effect.

Cesar Victora, Rajiv Bahl, Aluísio Barros … (2016)

The importance of breastfeeding in low-income and middle-income countries is well recognised, but less consensus exists about its importance in high-income countries. In low-income and middle-income countries, only 37% of children younger than 6 months of age are exclusively breastfed. With few exceptions, breastfeeding duration is shorter in high-income countries than in those that are resource-poor. Our meta-analyses indicate protection against child infections and malocclusion, increases in intelligence, and probable reductions in overweight and diabetes. We did not find associations with allergic disorders such as asthma or with blood pressure or cholesterol, and we noted an increase in tooth decay with longer periods of breastfeeding. For nursing women, breastfeeding gave protection against breast cancer and it improved birth spacing, and it might also protect against ovarian cancer and type 2 diabetes. The scaling up of breastfeeding to a near universal level could prevent 823,000 annual deaths in children younger than 5 years and 20,000 annual deaths from breast cancer. Recent epidemiological and biological findings from during the past decade expand on the known benefits of breastfeeding for women and children, whether they are rich or poor.

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A mammalian microRNA expression atlas based on small RNA library sequencing.

Pablo Landgraf, Mirabela Rusu, Robert Sheridan … (2007)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding regulatory RNAs that reduce stability and/or translation of fully or partially sequence-complementary target mRNAs. In order to identify miRNAs and to assess their expression patterns, we sequenced over 250 small RNA libraries from 26 different organ systems and cell types of human and rodents that were enriched in neuronal as well as normal and malignant hematopoietic cells and tissues. We present expression profiles derived from clone count data and provide computational tools for their analysis. Unexpectedly, a relatively small set of miRNAs, many of which are ubiquitously expressed, account for most of the differences in miRNA profiles between cell lineages and tissues. This broad survey also provides detailed and accurate information about mature sequences, precursors, genome locations, maturation processes, inferred transcriptional units, and conservation patterns. We also propose a subclassification scheme for miRNAs for assisting future experimental and computational functional analyses.

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Human milk is a source of lactic acid bacteria for the infant gut.

Rocio Martin, Susana Langa, Carlota Reviriego … (2003)

To investigate whether human breast milk contains potentially probiotic lactic acid bacteria, and therefore, whether it can be considered a synbiotic food. Study design Lactic acid bacteria were isolated from milk, mammary areola, and breast skin of eight healthy mothers and oral swabs and feces of their respective breast-fed infants. Some isolates (178 from each mother and newborn pair) were randomly selected and submitted to randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) polymerase chain reaction analysis, and those that displayed identical RAPD patterns were identified by 16S rDNA sequencing. Within each mother and newborn pair, some rod-shaped lactic acid bacteria isolated from mammary areola, breast milk, and infant oral swabs and feces displayed identical RAPD profiles. All of them, independently from the mother and child pair, were identified as Lactobacillus gasseri. Similarly, among coccoid lactic acid bacteria from these different sources, some shared an identical RAPD pattern and were identified as Enterococcus faecium. In contrast, none of the lactic acid bacteria isolated from breast skin shared RAPD profiles with lactic acid bacteria of the other sources. Breast-feeding can be a significant source of lactic acid bacteria to the infant gut. Lactic acid bacteria present in milk may have an endogenous origin and may not be the result of contamination from the surrounding breast skin.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Malgorzata Witkowska-Zimny:

ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2167-8657

+48 22 628 63 34 , mwitkowska@wum.edu.pl

Ewa Kaminska-El-Hassan: ewa.kaminska@hotmail.com

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Cell Mol Biol Lett

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Cell. Mol. Biol. Lett

Title: Cellular & Molecular Biology Letters

Publisher: BioMed Central (London )

ISSN (Print): 1425-8153

ISSN (Electronic): 1689-1392

Publication date (Electronic): 13 July 2017

Publication date PMC-release: 13 July 2017

Publication date Collection: 2017

Volume: 22

Electronic Location Identifier: 11

Affiliations

ISNI 0000000113287408, GRID grid.13339.3b, Department of Biophysics and Human Physiology, , Medical University of Warsaw, ; Chalubinskiego 5, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland

Author information

Malgorzata Witkowska-Zimny http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2167-8657

Article

Publisher ID: 42

DOI: 10.1186/s11658-017-0042-4

PMC ID: 5508878

PubMed ID: 28717367

SO-VID: 9e9224d9-724c-4f8c-b33e-4e22e715b95c

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Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

History

Date received : 26 January 2017

Date accepted : 30 June 2017

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Keywords: human breast milk,stem cells,leukocytes,microbiome,probiotic bacteria

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Keywords: human breast milk, stem cells, leukocytes, microbiome, probiotic bacteria

Cells of human breast milk

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Abstract

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Universal stem cells

Most cited references 63

Breastfeeding in the 21st century: epidemiology, mechanisms, and lifelong effect.

A mammalian microRNA expression atlas based on small RNA library sequencing.

Human milk is a source of lactic acid bacteria for the infant gut.

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