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      Dietary toxicity of soluble and insoluble molybdenum to northern bobwhite quail ( Colinus virginianus)

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          Abstract

          Limited data are available on the effects of molybdenum (Mo) on avian wildlife, which impairs evaluation of ecological exposure and risk. While Mo is an essential trace nutrient in birds, little is known of its toxicity to birds exposed to molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2), the predominant form found in molybdenite ore. The chemical form and bioavailability of Mo is important in determining its toxicity. Avian toxicity tests typically involve a soluble form of Mo, such as sodium molybdate dihydrate (SMD, Na 2MoO 4·2H 2O); however MoS 2 is generally insoluble, with low bioaccessibility under most environmental conditions. The current study monitored survival and general health (body weight and food consumption) of 9-day old northern bobwhite exposed to soluble Mo (SMD) and ore-related Mo (MoS 2) in their diet for 30 days. Toxicity and bioavailability (e.g. tissue distribution) of the two Mo forms were compared. Histopathology evaluations and serum, kidney, liver, and bone tissue sample analyses were conducted. Copper, a nutrient integrally associated with Mo toxicity, was also measured in the diet and tissue. No treatment-related mortality occurred and no treatment-related lesions were recorded for either Mo form. Tissue analyses detected increased Mo concentrations in serum, kidney, liver, and bone tissues following exposure to SMD, with decreasing concentrations following a post-exposure period. For the soluble form, a No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Concentration (NOAEC) of 1200 mg Mo as SMD/kg feed (134 mg SMD/kg body weight/day) was identified based on body weight and food consumption. No adverse effects were observed in birds exposed to MoS 2 at the maximum dose of 5000 mg MoS 2/kg feed (545 mg MoS 2/kg body weight/day). These results show that effects associated with MoS 2, the more environmentally prevalent and less bioavailable Mo form, are much less than those observed for SMD. These data should support more realistic representations of exposure and risks to avian receptors from environmental Mo.

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          Estimation of Lead and Arsenic Bioavailability Using a Physiologically Based Extraction Test

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            Contamination of water and soil by the Erdenet copper–molybdenum mine in Mongolia

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              Bioaccessibility of Trace Metals in Sediment, Macroalga and Antifouling Paint to the Wild Mute Swan, Cygnus olor

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                jstafford@smithers.com
                clambert@intrinsik.com
                zyskows1@dcpah.msu.edu
                Engfehrc@dcpah.msu.edu
                Oscar_Fletcher@ncsu.edu
                shanna.clark@chevron.com
                asheesh.tiwary@chevron.com
                cgulde@chevron.com
                bsample@ecorisk.com
                Journal
                Ecotoxicology
                Ecotoxicology
                Ecotoxicology (London, England)
                Springer US (New York )
                0963-9292
                1573-3017
                12 December 2015
                12 December 2015
                2016
                : 25
                : 291-301
                Affiliations
                [ ]Carolina Research Center, Smithers Viscient, Snow Camp, NC 27349 USA
                [ ]McDaniel Lambert Inc. (an Intrinsik Company), 1608 Pacific Ave, Suite 201, Venice, CA 90291 USA
                [ ]Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 4125 Beaumont Rd, Lansing, MI 48910 USA
                [ ]Department of Population Health & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC 27607 USA
                [ ]Chevron Energy Technology Company, 1200 Smith Street, Houston, TX 77002 USA
                [ ]Chevron EMC, 116 Inverness Drive East, Suite 207, Englewood, CO 80112 USA
                [ ]Ecological Risk, Inc., 15036 Magno Ct., Rancho Murieta, CA 95683 USA
                Article
                1587
                10.1007/s10646-015-1587-5
                4752959
                26661591
                9ea6ed2f-1ea7-4982-a187-fb5f6bd29464
                © The Author(s) 2015

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

                History
                : 10 November 2015
                Funding
                Funded by: Financial support was provided by Chevron Energy Technology Company
                Categories
                Article
                Custom metadata
                © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2016

                Toxicology
                avian,dietary toxicity,molybdenum,noaec
                Toxicology
                avian, dietary toxicity, molybdenum, noaec

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