The ethical obligations of the obstetrician to both the fetal patient and pregnant patient originate in the ethical concept of medicine as a profession.
Obstetricians have beneficence-based and autonomy-based obligations to the pregnant patient and beneficence-based obligations to the fetal patient, which need to be carefully balanced in different clinical situations.
The important roles of directive and nondirective counseling are explained, as well as the sometimes neglected role of preventive ethics.