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      Gonadal soma controls ovarian follicle proliferation through Gsdf in zebrafish : GSDF Controls Ovary Development in Zebrafish

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          Abstract

          <div class="section"> <a class="named-anchor" id="S1"> <!-- named anchor --> </a> <h5 class="section-title" id="d1680592e190">Background</h5> <p id="P1">Aberrant signaling between germ cells and somatic cells can lead to reproductive disease and depends on diffusible signals, including TGFB-family proteins. The TGFB-family protein Gsdf (gonadal soma derived factor) controls sex determination in some fish and is a candidate for mediating germ cell/soma signaling. </p> </div><div class="section"> <a class="named-anchor" id="S2"> <!-- named anchor --> </a> <h5 class="section-title" id="d1680592e195">Results</h5> <p id="P2">Zebrafish expressed <i>gsdf</i> in somatic cells of bipotential gonads and expression continued in ovarian granulosa cells and testicular Sertoli cells. Homozygous <i>gsdf</i> knockout mutants delayed leaving the bipotential gonad state, but then became a male or a female. Mutant females ovulated a few oocytes, then became sterile, accumulating immature follicles. Female mutants stored excess lipid and down-regulated <i>aromatase, gata4</i>, <i>insulin receptor, estrogen receptor</i>, and genes for lipid metabolism, vitellogenin, and steroid biosynthesis. Mutant females contained less estrogen and more androgen than wild types. Mutant males were fertile. Genomic analysis suggests that Gsdf, Bmp15, and Gdf9, originated as paralogs in vertebrate genome duplication events. </p> </div><div class="section"> <a class="named-anchor" id="S3"> <!-- named anchor --> </a> <h5 class="section-title" id="d1680592e212">Conclusions</h5> <p id="P3">In zebrafish, <i>gsdf</i> regulates ovarian follicle maturation and expression of genes for steroid biosynthesis, obesity, diabetes, and female fertility, leading to ovarian and extra-ovarian phenotypes that mimic human polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), suggesting a role for a related TGFB signaling molecule in the etiology of PCOS. </p> </div>

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          The zebrafish reference genome sequence and its relationship to the human genome.

          Zebrafish have become a popular organism for the study of vertebrate gene function. The virtually transparent embryos of this species, and the ability to accelerate genetic studies by gene knockdown or overexpression, have led to the widespread use of zebrafish in the detailed investigation of vertebrate gene function and increasingly, the study of human genetic disease. However, for effective modelling of human genetic disease it is important to understand the extent to which zebrafish genes and gene structures are related to orthologous human genes. To examine this, we generated a high-quality sequence assembly of the zebrafish genome, made up of an overlapping set of completely sequenced large-insert clones that were ordered and oriented using a high-resolution high-density meiotic map. Detailed automatic and manual annotation provides evidence of more than 26,000 protein-coding genes, the largest gene set of any vertebrate so far sequenced. Comparison to the human reference genome shows that approximately 70% of human genes have at least one obvious zebrafish orthologue. In addition, the high quality of this genome assembly provides a clearer understanding of key genomic features such as a unique repeat content, a scarcity of pseudogenes, an enrichment of zebrafish-specific genes on chromosome 4 and chromosomal regions that influence sex determination.
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            Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome

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              TGF-beta signal transduction.

              The transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) family of growth factors control the development and homeostasis of most tissues in metazoan organisms. Work over the past few years has led to the elucidation of a TGF-beta signal transduction network. This network involves receptor serine/threonine kinases at the cell surface and their substrates, the SMAD proteins, which move into the nucleus, where they activate target gene transcription in association with DNA-binding partners. Distinct repertoires of receptors, SMAD proteins, and DNA-binding partners seemingly underlie, in a cell-specific manner, the multifunctional nature of TGF-beta and related factors. Mutations in these pathways are the cause of various forms of human cancer and developmental disorders.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                (View ORCID Profile)
                (View ORCID Profile)
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                Journal
                Developmental Dynamics
                Dev. Dyn.
                Wiley
                10588388
                November 2017
                November 2017
                September 25 2017
                : 246
                : 11
                : 925-945
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Institute of Neuroscience; University of Oregon; Eugene Oregon
                [2 ]Center for Bioengineering Innovation; Northern Arizona University; Flagstaff Arizona
                [3 ]Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology; University of California Davis; Davis California
                [4 ]Department of Biological Sciences; Northern Arizona University; Flagstaff Arizona
                Article
                10.1002/dvdy.24579
                5761338
                28856758
                9ecbe470-07a8-4c04-83b3-1e6fdebd10fc
                © 2017

                http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1

                http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor

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