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      Influence of extended drought on water quality in tropical reservoirs in a semiarid region Translated title: Influência da estiagem prolongada na qualidade da água de reservatórios tropicais em uma região semiárida

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          Abstract

          AimDrought periods often occur in Brazilian semiarid region and are supposed to induce water quality degradation by changes in physical, chemical and biological properties of freshwater ecosystems. Reservoirs in this region are used as drinking-water supplies and are exposed to wide volume fluctuations during drought periods due to lack of precipitation and high evaporation rates. This study aimed to identify patterns on water quality of two reservoirs during a long drought period. It was expected that more arid and shallower conditions would favor algal growth by enhancing nutrient availability, causing a decrease on water quality.MethodsThe study was based on monthly sampling over 20 months (May 2011 to December 2012) at two tropical reservoirs on Brazilian semiarid region. Precipitation and volume data were obtained from environmental agencies. Transparency was measured on field using a Secchi disk and conductivity, nutrients, suspended solids and chlorophyll-a were analyzed on laboratory. Temporal changes in all environmental variables were analyzed in each reservoir using two-way cluster analysis and also principal component analysis (PCA).ResultsThe volume of both reservoirs decreased considerably over the study because of low or shortage of precipitation. It was possible to detect two opposite patterns of chlorophyll-a in each reservoir throughout the drought season: in the first one phytoplankton growth was favored, while in the second one chlorophyll-a decreased by high inorganic turbidity. Both reservoirs tended to increase their turbidity and conductivity during the drought period due to shallow conditions, which probably contributed to sediment resuspension.ConclusionsWater level reduction during the extended drought period, contributed for water quality degradation due to high algal biomass and also high turbidity found during drought period. Local factors, as the nature of suspended solids, play an important role on predicting water quality.

          Translated abstract

          ObjetivoPeríodos de estiagem são frequentes no semiárido brasileiro e parecem induzir a degradação da qualidade da água, alterando as propriedades físicas, químicas e biológicas dos ecossistemas aquáticos. Os reservatórios dessa região estão sujeitos a amplas flutuações em seus volumes devido à escassez de chuvas e às altas taxas de evaporação em períodos de estiagem. O objetivo do estudo foi identificar padrões na qualidade da água de reservatórios durante um período de estiagem prolongada. Espera-se que condições mais secas e rasas favoreçam o crescimento algal divido a maior disponibilidade de nutrientes, causando degradação da qualidade da água.MétodosForam realizadas amostragens mensais ao longo de vinte meses (maio de 2011-dezembro de 2012) em dois reservatórios tropicais do semiárido brasileiro. Dados de precipitação e volume foram obtidos por órgãos ambientais. A transparência foi medida em campo com disco de Secchi, enquanto que a condutividade, os nutrientes, os sólidos suspensos e a clorofila foram analisados em laboratório. As mudanças temporais nas variáveis ambientais foram analisadas em cada reservatório, utilizando uma análise de agrupamento two-way e uma análise de componentes principais (ACP).ResultadosO volume de ambos reservatórios reduziu consideravelmente durante o estudo devido ao período prolongado de precipitações baixas ou ausentes. Foi possível identificar padrões opostos nas concentrações de clorofila-a dos reservatórios, à medida que a estiagem se prolongava: no primeiro o crescimento algal foi favorecido e, no segundo, a concentração de colorofila-a diminuiu devido à alta turbidez inorgânica. Ambos reservatórios apresentaram uma aumento em sua turbidez e condutividade durante o período de estiagem prolongada.ConclusõesA redução do volume durante a estiagem prolongada contribuiu para a degradação da qualidade da água devido à alta biomassa algal e à alta turbidez. Fatores locais, como a natureza dos sólidos em suspensão, podem desempenhar um papel importante na determinação da qualidade da água desses mananciais.

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          Understanding the influence of suspended solids on water quality and aquatic biota.

          Over the last 50 years the effects of suspended solids (SS) on fish and aquatic life have been studied intensively throughout the world. It is now accepted that SS are an extremely important cause of water quality deterioration leading to aesthetic issues, higher costs of water treatment, a decline in the fisheries resource, and serious ecological degradation of aquatic environments. As such, government-led environmental bodies have set recommended water quality guidelines for concentrations of SS in freshwater systems. However, these reference values are often spurious or based on the concept of turbidity as a surrogate measure of the concentration of SS. The appropriateness of these recommended water quality values is evaluated given: (1) the large variability and uncertainty in data available from research describing the effects of SS on aquatic environments, (2) the diversity of environments that these values are expected to relate to, and (3) the range of conditions experienced within these environments. Furthermore, we suggest that reliance solely upon turbidity data as a surrogate for SS must be treated with caution, as turbidity readings respond to factors other than just concentrations of SS, as well as being influenced by the particle-size distribution and shape of SS particles. In addition, turbidity is a measure of only one of the many detrimental effects, reviewed in this paper, which high levels of SS can have in waterbodies. In order to improve the understanding of the effects of SS on aquatic organisms, this review suggests that: First, high-resolution turbidity monitoring should be supplemented with direct, measurements of SS (albeit at lower resolution due to resource issues). This would allow the turbidity record to be checked and calibrated against SS, effectively building a rating-relationship between SS and turbidity, which would in-turn provide a clearer picture of the exact magnitude of the SS problem. Second, SS should also be characterised in terms of their particle-size distribution and chemical composition. This would provide information to develop a more comprehensive understanding of the observed variable effects of a given concentration of SS in aquatic habitats. These two suggested improvements, combined with lower-resolution concurrent measures of aquatic ecological status, would improve our understanding of the effects of SS in aquatic environments and together with a more detailed classification of aquatic environments, would provide an environment-specific evidence base for the establishment of effective water quality guidelines for SS.
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            Measurements of chlorophyll-a from phytoplankton using ethanol as extraction solvent

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              Aquatic systems in semi-arid Brazil: limnology and management

              Aquatic systems in semi-arid Brazil include natural shallow lakes, artificial reservoirs and intermittent streams and rivers. These systems are distinctive features in the semi-arid landscape and comprise a range of associated systems functioning as an ever-changing mosaic of dry/wet patches. Lakes and reservoirs in semi-arid Brazil are subject to important periods of water shortages, whereas rivers and streams are characterized as highly variable and driven by the extremes of water flow and its absence. Within this view a catchment-scale approach must be used to create a holistic model to conceptualize and comprehend these aquatic systems, since the aquatic environment types in the semi-arid region of Brazil incorporate broader aspects within the catchment scale such as geomorphology, vegetation, climate and land use. This paper summarizes some of the information on the aquatic systems of the Brazilian semi-arid region and shows the importance of limnological studies in this region. It also attempts to establish perspectives for future research considering the catchment as a scale for surveying biological processes and limnological characteristics of the various aquatic systems. It is presented information on their overall structure and functioning, as well as characteristics of some biological communities, such as phytoplankton, periphyton, aquatic macrophytes, benthic invertebrates and fish. The importance of the understanding of eutrophication in reservoirs and the role of the dry phase in streams is emphasized, and information on possible actions of planning and management to improve water quality of reservoirs are presented.

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                Contributors
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                Role: ND
                Role: ND
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                Journal
                alb
                Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia
                Acta Limnol. Bras.
                Associação Brasileira de Limnologia (Rio Claro )
                2179-975X
                March 2015
                : 27
                : 1
                : 15-23
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte Brazil
                [2 ] Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte Brazil
                Article
                S2179-975X2015000100003
                10.1590/S2179-975X2214
                9ef20f5a-d807-47a5-b919-be3f3c84d4e2

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=2179-975X&lng=en
                Categories
                LIMNOLOGY

                Ecology
                eutrophic,water supply,water volume,chlorophyll-a,suspended solids,eutrofização,manancial,volume,clorofila,sólidos suspensos

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